Absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls

Abstract

Dietary carotenoids, especially xanthophylls, have attracted significant attention because of their characteristic biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-cancer, and anti-obese actions. Although no less than forty carotenoids are ingested under usual dietary habits, only six carotenoids and their metabolites have been found in human tissues, suggesting selectivity in the intestinal absorption of carotenoids. Recently, facilitated diffusion in addition to simple diffusion has been reported to mediate the intestinal absorption of carotenoids in mammals. The selective absorption of carotenoids may be caused by uptake to the intestinal epithelia by the facilitated diffusion and an unknown excretion to intestinal lumen. It is well known that β-carotene can be metabolized to vitamin A after intestinal absorption of carotenoids, but little is known about the metabolic transformation of non provitamin A xanthophylls. The enzymatic oxidation of the secondary hydroxyl group leading to keto-carotenoids would occur as a common pathway of xanthophyll metabolism in mammals. This paper reviews the absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls by introducing recent advances in this field.

Keywords: absorption; bioavailability; carotenoid; metabolism; xanthophyll.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of various epoxy xanthophylls. The geometrical configuration of neoxanthin in nature was recognized as 9′-cis.

Figure 2

Proposed mechanisms of selectivity in the intestinal absorption of the dietary carotenoids.

Figure 3

Proposed metabolic transformation of fucoxanthin.

Figure 4

Chemical structures of lutein and its metabolites.