Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2011 Aug 10;2011(8):CD003460.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3.

Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

Lisa Ruepert  1 , A Otto Quartero, Niek J de Wit, Geert J van der Heijden, Gregory Rubin, Jean Wm Muris
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

Lisa Ruepert et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder. The role of pharmacotherapy for IBS is limited and focused mainly on symptom control.

Objectives: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

Search strategy: Computer assisted structured searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane library, CINAHL and PsychInfo were conducted for the years 1966-2009. An updated search in April 2011 identified 10 studies which will be considered for inclusion in a future update of this review.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing bulking agents, antispasmodics or antidepressants with a placebo treatment in patients with irritable bowel syndrome aged over 12 years were considered for inclusion. Only studies published as full papers were included. Studies were not excluded on the basis of language. The primary outcome had to include improvement of abdominal pain, global assessment or symptom score.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently extracted data from the selected studies. Risk Ratios (RR) and Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. A proof of practice analysis was conducted including sub-group analyses for different types of bulking agents, spasmolytic agents or antidepressant medication. This was followed by a proof of principle analysis where only the studies with adequate allocation concealment were included.

Main results: A total of 56 studies (3725 patients) were included in this review. These included 12 studies of bulking agents (621 patients), 29 of antispasmodics (2333 patients), and 15 of antidepressants (922 patients). The risk of bias was low for most items. However, selection bias is unclear for many of the included studies because the methods used for randomization and allocation concealment were not described. No beneficial effect for bulking agents over placebo was found for improvement of abdominal pain (4 studies; 186 patients; SMD 0.03; 95% CI -0.34 to 0.40; P = 0.87), global assessment (11 studies; 565 patients; RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.33; P = 0.32) or symptom score (3 studies; 126 patients SMD -0.00; 95% CI -0.43 to 0.43; P = 1.00). Subgroup analyses for insoluble and soluble fibres also showed no statistically significant benefit. Separate analysis of the studies with adequate concealment of allocation did not change these results. There was a beneficial effect for antispasmodics over placebo for improvement of abdominal pain (58% of antispasmodic patients improved compared to 46% of placebo; 13 studies; 1392 patients; RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.55; P < 0.001; NNT = 7), global assessment (57% of antispasmodic patients improved compared to 39% of placebo; 22 studies; 1983 patients; RR 1.49; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.77; P < 0.0001; NNT = 5) and symptom score (37% of antispasmodic patients improved compared to 22% of placebo; 4 studies; 586 patients; RR 1.86; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.76; P < 0.01; NNT = 3). Subgroup analyses for different types of antispasmodics found statistically significant benefits for cimteropium/ dicyclomine, peppermint oil, pinaverium and trimebutine. Separate analysis of the studies with adequate allocation concealment found a significant benefit for improvement of abdominal pain. There was a beneficial effect for antidepressants over placebo for improvement of abdominal pain (54% of antidepressants patients improved compared to 37% of placebo; 8 studies; 517 patients; RR 1.49; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.12; P = 0.03; NNT = 5), global assessment (59% of antidepressants patients improved compared to 39% of placebo; 11 studies; 750 patients; RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.00; P < 0.001; NNT = 4) and symptom score (53% of antidepressants patients improved compared to 26% of placebo; 3 studies; 159 patients; RR 1.99; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.99; P = 0.001; NNT = 4). Subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant benefit for selective serotonin releasing inhibitors (SSRIs) for improvement of global assessment and for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for improvement of abdominal pain and symptom score. Separate analysis of studies with adequate allocation concealment found a significant benefit for improvement of symptom score and global assessment. Adverse events were not assessed as an outcome in this review.

Authors' conclusions: There is no evidence that bulking agents are effective for treating IBS. There is evidence that antispasmodics are effective for the treatment of IBS. The individual subgroups which are effective include: cimetropium/dicyclomine, peppermint oil, pinaverium and trimebutine. There is good evidence that antidepressants are effective for the treatment of IBS. The subgroup analyses for SSRIs and TCAs are unequivocal and their effectiveness may depend on the individual patient. Future research should use rigorous methodology and valid outcome measures.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Greg Rubin owns shares in Glaxo Smith Kline and has received payment for consultancy from pharma companies. The other authors report no known declarations of interest.

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bulking agents: Abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing nr(%) of successfully treated IBS patients.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bulking agents: Abdominal pain, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on abdominal pain in IBS patients.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Bulking agents: Global assessment, Outcome 1 Comparing nr(%) of successfully treated patients with IBS.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Bulking agents: Global assessment, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on global assessment in IBS patients.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Bulking agents: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 1 Comparing symptom scores in IBS patients.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Spasmolytics: Abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing nr(%) of successfully treated IBS patients on Abdominal pain.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Spasmolytics: Abdominal pain, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on abdominal pain in IBS patients.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Spasmolytics: Global assessment, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of successfully treated patients.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Spasmolytics: Global assessment, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on global assessment in IBS patients.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Spasmolytics: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of patients successfully treated.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Spasmolytics: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 2 Comparing symptom scores in IBS patients.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Antidepressants: Abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing nr(%) of successfully treated patients with IBS.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Antidepressants: Abdominal pain, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on abdominal pain in patients with IBS.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Antidepressants: Global assessment, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of successfully treated patients with IBS.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Antidepressants: Global assessment, Outcome 2 Comparing scores on global assessment in patients with IBS.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Antidepressants: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of successfully treated IBS patients.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Antidepressants: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 2 Comparing symptom scores of IBS patients.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Adequate concealment bulking agents: abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing scores on abdominal pain.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Adequate concealment bulking agents: global assessment, Outcome 1 comparing nr of successfully treated IBS patient.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Adequate concealment spasmolytic agents: abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing scores on abdominal pain in IBS patients.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Adequate concealment spasmolytic agents: global assessment, Outcome 1 comparing nrs of successfully treated IBS patients with spasmolytic agents.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Adequate concealment antidepressants: abdominal pain, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of successfully treated patients.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Adequate concealment antidepressants: global assessment, Outcome 1 Comparing nr (%) of successfully treated IBS patients.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Adequate concealment antidepressants: Outcome on symptom score, Outcome 1 Comparing symptom scores in IBS patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Aller 2004 {published data only}
    1. Aller R, Luis DA, Izaola O, Calle F, Olmo L, Fernandez L, et al. Dietary intake of a group of patients with irritable bowel syndrome; relation between dietary fiber and symptoms. Nutrition 2004;20:735‐7.
Arthurs 1983 {published data only}
    1. Arthurs Y, Fielding JF. Double blind trial of ispaghula/poloxamer in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ir Med J 1983;76(5):253. - PubMed
Awad 1995 {published data only}
    1. Awad R, Dibildox M, Ortiz F. Irritable bowel syndrome treatment using pinaverium bromide as a calcium channel blocker. A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1995;25(3):137‐44. - PubMed
Bahar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bahar RJ, Collins BS, Steinmetz B, Ament ME. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of amitriptyline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr 2008 Dec;153(6):872. - PubMed
Baldi 1991 {published data only}
    1. Baldi F, Longanesi A, Blasi A, Monello S, Cestari R, Missale G, et al. Clinical and functional evaluation of the efficacy of otilonium bromide: a multicenter study in Italy. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;23(8 Suppl 1):60‐3. - PubMed
Battaglia 1998 {published data only}
    1. Battaglia G, Morselli‐Labate AM, Camarri E, Francavilla A, Marco F, Mastropaolo G, et al. Otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 15‐week study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12(10):1003‐10. - PubMed
Bergmann 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bergmann M, Heddergott A, Schlosser T. Therapy of irritable colon with trimipramine (Herphonal) ‐ A controlled clinical study [Die therapie des colon irritabile mittrimipramin (Herphonal) ‐ Eine kontrollierte studie]. Z Klin Med 1991;46(23):1621‐8.
Boerner 1988 {published data only}
    1. Boerner D, Eberhardt R, Metz K, Schick E. Wirksamkeit ind vertraeglichkeit eines antidepressivums beim colon irritablie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:201‐8.
Capanni 2005 {published data only}
    1. Capanni M, Surrenti E, Biagini M R, Milani S, Surrenh C, Galli A. Efficacy of peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, controlled trial. Gazz Med Ital Arch Sci Med 2005;164(2):119‐26.
Cappello 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, Manzoli L, Marzio L. Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo‐controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39(6):530‐6. - PubMed
Centonze 1988 {published data only}
    1. Centonze V, Imbimbo BP, Campanozzi F, Attolini E, Daniotti S, Albano O. Oral cimetropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic drug, for long‐term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83(11):1262‐6. - PubMed
Chen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chen SJ, Li GX, Wang LJ, Sun LM, Si JM. SF‐36 quality of life in effectiveness assessment for irritable bowel syndrome. World Chin J Dig 2004;12(4):920‐3.
Czalbert 1990 {published data only}
    1. Czalbert HJ, Neder M, Feher K. Experiences with colpermintherapy (Tillots‐England) at patients of irritable colon syndrome. Gyogyszereszet 1990;34(5):251‐3.
d'Arienzo 1980 {published data only}
    1. d'Arienzo A, d'Agotino L. L'ottilonio bromuro nel trattamento della sindrome del colon irritabile. Rass Int Clin Ter 1980;60(10):649‐56.
Delmont 1981 {published data only}
    1. Delmont J. The value of adding an antispasmodic musculotropic agent in the treatment of painful constipation in functional colopathies with bran. Double‐blind study [Interet de l'adjonction d'un antispasmodique musculotrope au traitement des constipations douloureuses des colopathies fonctionnelles par le son. Essai en double insu]. Med Chir Dig 1981;10(4):365‐70. - PubMed
Dobrilla 1990 {published data only}
    1. Dobrilla G, Imbimbo BP, Piazzi L, Bensi G. Longterm treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with cimetropium bromide: a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Gut 1990;31(3):355‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Drossman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Drossman DA, Toner BB, Whitehead WE, Diamant NE, Dalton CB, Duncan S, et al. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2003;125:19‐31. - PubMed
Dubarry 1977 {published data only}
    1. Dubarry JJ, Quinton A. Effet a court terme du bromure de pinaverium dans les oesophagites, gastro‐duodenites et colopathies fonctionnelles. Bordeaux Medical 1977;10(21):1457‐9.
Fielding 1980 {published data only}
    1. Fielding JF. Double blind trial of trimebutine in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ir Med J 1980;73(10):377‐9. - PubMed
Fowlie 1992 {published data only}
    1. Fowlie S, Eastwood MA, Prescott R. Irritable bowel syndrome: assessment of psychological disturbance and its influence on the response to fibre supplementation. J Psychosom Res 1992;36(2):175‐80. - PubMed
Ghidini 1986 {published data only}
    1. Ghidini O, Saponati G, Intrieri L. Single drug treatment for irritable colon: Rociverine versus trimebutine maleate. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1986;39(4):541‐8.
Gilvarry 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gilvarry J, Kenny A, Fielding J F. The non‐effect of pirenzepine in dietary resistant irritable bowel syndrome. Ir J Med Sci 1989;158(10):262. - PubMed
Heefner 1978 {published data only}
    1. Heefner JD, Wilder RM, Wilson ID. Irritable colon and depression. Psychosomatics 1978;19(9):540‐7. - PubMed
Jalihal 1990 {published data only}
    1. Jalihal A, Kurian G. Ispaghula therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in overall well‐being is related to reduction in bowel dissatisfaction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5(5):507‐13. - PubMed
Kruis 1986 {published data only}
    1. Kruis W, Weinzierl M, Schussler P, Holl J. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of wheat bran, mebeverine and placebo in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 1986;34(3):196‐201. - PubMed
Kuiken 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kuiken S D, Tytgat G N, Boeckxstaens G E. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine does not change rectal sensitivity and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1(3):219‐28. - PubMed
Lech 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lech Y, Olesen KM, Hey H, Rask‐Pedersen E, Vilien M, Ostergaard O. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. A double‐blind study with a placebo [Behandling af colon irritabile med pebermynteolie. En dobbeltblind undersogelse med placebo]. Ugeskr Laeger 1988;150(40):2388‐9. - PubMed
Levy 1977 {published data only}
    1. Levy C, Charbonnier A, Cachin M. Pinaverium bromide and functional colonic disease (double‐blind study) [Bromure de pinaverium et colopathie fonctionnelle (etude a double insu)]. Sem Hop Ther 1977;53(7‐8):372‐4. - PubMed
Liu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, Huang CK, Poon SK. Enteric‐coated peppermint‐oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol 1997;32(6):765‐8. - PubMed
Longstreth 1981 {published data only}
    1. Longstreth GF, Fox DD, Youkeles L, Forsythe AB, Wolochow DA. Psyllium therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome. A double‐blind trial. Ann Intern Med 1981;95(1):53‐6. - PubMed
Lucey 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lucey MR, Clark ML, Lowndes J, Dawson AM. Is bran efficacious in irritable bowel syndrome? A double blind placebo controlled crossover study. Gut 1987;28(2):221‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Masand 2009 {published data only}
    1. Masand PS, Pae CU, Krulewicz S, Peindl K, Mannelli P, Varia I M, et al. A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of paroxetine controlled‐release in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics 2009;50(1):78‐86. - PubMed
Mitchell 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell SA, Mee AS, Smith GD, Palmer KR, Chapman RW. Alverine citrate fails to relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(6):1187‐95. - PubMed
Moshal 1979 {published data only}
    1. Moshal MG, Herron M. A clinical trial of trimebutine (Mebutin) in spastic colon. J Int Med Res 1979;7(3):231‐4. - PubMed
Myren 1982 {published data only}
    1. Myren J, Groth H, Larssen SE, Larsen S. The effect of trimipramine in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. A double‐blind study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;17(7):871‐5. - PubMed
Nigam 1984 {published data only}
    1. Nigam P, Kapoor KK, Rastog CK, Kumar A, Gupta AK. Different therapeutic regimens in irritable bowel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 1984;32(12):1041‐4. - PubMed
Page 1981 {published data only}
    1. Page JG, Dirnberger GM. Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome with Bentyl (dicyclomine hydrochloride). J Clin Gastroenterol 1981;3(2):153‐6. - PubMed
Passaretti 1989a {published data only}
    1. Passaretti S, Guslandi M, Imbimbo BP, Daniotti S, Tittobello A. Effects of cimetropium bromide on gastrointestinal transit time in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1989;3(3):267‐76. - PubMed
Piai 1979 {published data only}
    1. Piai G, Mazzacca G. Prifinium bromide in the treatment of the irritable colon syndrome. Gastroenterology 1979;77(3):500‐2. - PubMed
Prior 1987 {published data only}
    1. Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1987;28(11):1510‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Pulpeiro 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pulpeiro A, Marti ML, Santos AR, Girolamo G. Propinox in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome [Propinox en sindrome de intestino irritable]. Prensa Medica Argentina 2000;87(3):299‐307.
Rajagopalan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rajagopalan M, Kurian G, John J. Symptom relief with amitriptyline in the irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;13(7):738‐41. - PubMed
Rees 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rees G, Davies J, Thompson R, Parker M, Liepins P. Randomised‐controlled trial of a fibre supplement on the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. J R Soc Health 2005;125(1):30‐4. - PubMed
Ritchie 1979 {published data only}
    1. Ritchie JA, Truelove SC. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with lorazepam, hyoscine butylbromide, and ispaghula husk. Br Med J 1979;1(6160):376‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Schafer 1990 {published data only}
    1. Schafer E, Ewe K. The treatment of irritable colon. Efficacy and tolerance of buscopan plus, buscopan, paracetamol and placebo in ambulatory patients with irritable colon [Behandlung des Colon irritabile. Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit von Buscopan plus, Buscopan, Paracetamol und Plazebo bei ambulanten Patienten mit Colon irritabile]. Fortschr Med 1990;108(25):488‐92. - PubMed
Soltoft 1976 {published data only}
    1. Soltoft J, Krag B, Gudmand‐Hoyer E, Kristensen E, Wulff HR. A double‐blind trial of the effect of wheat bran on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 1976;1(7954):270‐2. - PubMed
Tabas 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tabas G, Beaves M, Wang J, Friday P, Mardini H, Arnold G. Paroxetine to treat irritable bowel syndrome not responding to high‐fiber diet: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(5):914‐20. - PubMed
Tack 2006a {published data only}
    1. Tack J, Broekaert D, Fischler B, Oudenhove L, Gevers A M, Janssens J. A controlled crossover study of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2006;55(8):1095‐103. - PMC - PubMed
Talley 2008a {published data only}
    1. Talley NJ, Kellow JE, Boyce P, Tennant C, Huskic S, Jones M. Antidepressant therapy (imipramine and citalopram) for irritable bowel syndrome: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53(1):108‐15. - PubMed
Vahedi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Vahedi H, Merat S, Rashidioon A, Ghoddoosi A, Malekzadeh R. The effect of fluoxetine in patients with pain and constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double‐blind randomized‐controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22(5):381‐5. - PubMed
Vahedi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Vahedi H, Merat S, Momtahen S, Kazzazi A S, Ghaffari N, Olfati G, et al. Clinical trial: the effect of amitriptyline in patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27(8):678‐84. - PubMed
Vij 1991 {published data only}
    1. Vij JG, Jiloha RC, Kumar N. Effect of antidepressant drug (doxepin) on irritable bowel syndrome patients. Indian J Psychiatry 1991;33:243‐6.
Virat 1987 {published data only}
    1. Virat J, Hueber D. Colopathy pain and dicetel. Prat Med 1987;43:32‐4.

References to studies excluded from this review

Achord 1979 {published data only}
    1. Achord JL. Irritable bowel syndrome and dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 1979;75(4):452‐3. - PubMed
Alevizos 1989 {published data only}
    1. Alevizos B, Christodoulou GN, Ioannidis C, Voulgari A, Mantidis A, Spiliadis C. The efficacy of amineptine in the treatment of depressive patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12 Suppl 2:S66‐76. - PubMed
Andre 1979 {published data only}
    1. Andre PP, Windt J, Dony A. Basic treatment of spastic colon (multicenter trial with oxazepam plus scopolamine butyl nitrate). ARS MED INT TIJDSCHR PRAKT THER 1979;8(19):1673‐7.
Anonymous 1966 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Evaluation of an antispasmodic agent. Methixene hydrochloride (Trest). JAMA 1966;195(10):851. - PubMed
Anonymous 1976 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Irritable colon syndrome treated with an antispasmodic drug. Practitioner 1976;217(1298):276‐80. - PubMed
Anonymous 1982 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Is pinaverium bromide suitable for treatment of spastic colon?. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1982;126(38):1746.
Anonymous 1986 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Some antispasmodic drugs for the irritable bowel syndrome. Drug Ther Bull 1986;24(24):93‐5. - PubMed
Anonymous 1995 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Effective and well‐tolerated spasmolytic agent in the treatment of irritable colon syndrome. Therapiewoche 1995;45(9):560, 562‐4.
Anonymous 1998 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Mebeverine suspension in childhood irritable bowel syndrome. Arztliche Prax Padiatr 1998;12:26‐7.
Anonymous 2002a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. SSRIs to treat irritable bowel?. Pharm J 2002;268:755.
Anonymous 2002b {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Trimebutine: Another therapeutic choice for irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Gastroenterol 2002;7(4):206‐8.
Anonymous 2008 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Peppermint oil can relieve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Dtsch Apoth 2008;148(50):41.
Arffmann 1985 {published data only}
    1. Arffmann S, Andersen JR, Hegnhoj J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Mogensen NB, Krag E. The effect of coarse wheat bran in the irritable bowel syndrome. A double‐blind cross‐over study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20(3):295‐8. - PubMed
Awad 1997 {published data only}
    1. Awad RA, Cordova VH, Dibildox M, Santiago R, Camacho S. Reduction of post‐prandial motility by pinaverium bromide a calcium channel blocker acting selectively on the gastrointestinal tract in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1997;27(4):247‐51. - PubMed
Baldi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Baldi F, Longanesi A, Blasi A, Monello S, Cestari R, Missale G, et al. Octylonium bromide in the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical‐functional study. Hepatogastroenterology 1992;39(5):392‐5. - PubMed
Barbier 1981 {published data only}
    1. Barbier P. Double blind controlled trial of a new colonic antispasmodic agent, actylonium bromide [Etude controlee en double aveugle d'un nouvel antspasmodique colique]. Ars Medici 1981;36(21):1879‐80.
Bassotti 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bassotti G. Dietary fibers in gastroenterology. MED RIV ENCICL MED ITAL 1988;8(2):141‐5. - PubMed
Baume 1972 {published data only}
    1. Baume P. Mebeverine, an effective agent in the irritable colon syndrome. Aust NZ J Med 1972;2(1):34‐6. - PubMed
Bazzocchi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bazzocchi G, Difalco A, Bensi G, Lanfranchi GA. The effect of muscarinic blockade on anorectal function in patients with constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1992;52(1):135‐43.
Berthelot 1981 {published data only}
    1. Berthelot J, Centonze V. Etude controlee en double aveugle Duspatalin (Mebeverine) contre placebo, dans le traitement du colon irritable. Gaz Med Fr 1981;88(16):2341‐3.
Birt 1989 {published data only}
    1. Birt M, Dumitrascu D. Treatment with antidepressants in biliary dyskinesia and irritable colon. Rev Med Interna Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir Dermatovenerol Med Interna 1989;41(3):277‐82. - PubMed
Bixquert‐Jimenez 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bixquert‐Jimenez M, Bixquert‐Pla L. Antidepressant therapy in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;28(8):485‐92. - PubMed
Block 1983 {published data only}
    1. Block J, Myren J, Larssen SE, Larsen S. Trimipramin (Surmontil) and placebo in irritable colon syndrome. A double‐blind study [Trimipramin (Surmontil) og placebo ved irritable colon syndrom. En dobbeltblind studie]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1983;103(11):903‐5. - PubMed
Bosaeus 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bosaeus I. Fiber effects on intestinal functions (diarrhoea, constipation and irritable bowel syndrome). Clin Nutr Suppl 2004;1(2):33‐8.
Bouchoucha 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bouchoucha M, Faye A, Devroede G, Arsac M. Effects of oral pinaverium bromide on colonic response to food in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2000;54(7):381‐7. - PubMed
Budavari 2002 {published data only}
    1. Budavari AI, Olden KW. The use of antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome. Pract Gastroenterol 2002;26(3):13‐27.
Burden 2001 {published data only}
    1. Burden S. Dietary treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: current evidence and guidelines for future practice. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001;14(3):231‐41. - PubMed
Camarri 1981 {published data only}
    1. Camarri E, Guidoni G, Marini G, Schiaroli G. La terapia del colon irritabile. Risultati del trattamento con un nuovo antispastico: l'ottilonio bromuro. Policlinico [Prat] 1981;88:174‐84.
Camarri 1986 {published data only}
    1. Camarri E. Fenoverine: Smooth muscle synchronizer for the management of gastro‐intestinal conditions. II. A trimebutine‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover clinical evaluation. Curr Med Res Opin 1986;10(1):52‐7. - PubMed
Camatte 1966 {published data only}
    1. Camatte R, Sarles H. Functional colonic diseases and Mebeverine. Sem Ther 1966;42(9):509‐10. - PubMed
Cann 1984 {published data only}
    1. Cann PA, Read NW, Holdsworth CD. What is the benefit of coarse wheat bran in patients with irritable bowel syndrome?. Gut 1984;25(2):168‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Capron 1981 {published data only}
    1. Capron JP, Zeitoun P, Julien D. A multicenter controlled trial of a combination of kaolin, sterculia gum, meprobamate, and magnesium salts, in the irritable bowel syndrome (author's transl) [Effets d'un medicament associant kaolin, gomme sterculia, magnesium et meprobamate le traitement du colon irritable. Resultats d'une etude controlee multicentrique]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1981;5(1):67‐72. - PubMed
Capurso 1984 {published data only}
    1. Capurso L, Koch M, Tarquini M, Dezi A, Papi C, Fracasso P. The irritable bowel syndrome. A cross‐over study of octilonium bromide, mebeverine and placebo. Clin Trials J 1984;21(5):285‐91.
Capurso 1992 {published data only}
    1. Capurso L, Sette F, Ferrario F, Tarquini M. The octylonium bromide‐benzodiazepine combination for management of the irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Ter 1992;141(8):121‐7. - PubMed
Carling 1989 {published data only}
    1. Carling L, Svedberg LE, Hulten S. Short term treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: A placebo‐controlled trial of peppermint oil against hyoscyamine. Opuscula Medica 1989;34(3):55‐7.
Cerrato 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cerrato PL. Altmed watch. Peppermint oil holds its own as a treatment for IBS. Contemp Ob Gyn 2001;46(5):128.
Chapman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chapman ND, Grillage MG, Mazumder R, Atkinson SN. A comparison of mebeverine with high‐fibre dietary advice and mebeverine plus ispaghula in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: an open, prospectively randomised, parallel group study. Br J Clin Pract 1990;44(11):461. - PubMed
Chassany 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chassany O, Bonaz B, Bruley Des Varannes S, Bueno L, Cargill G, Coffin B, et al. Acute exacerbation of pain in irritable bowel syndrome: efficacy of phloroglucinol/trimethylphloroglucinol. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(9):1115‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chen ZY, Yao JH. Alverine/dimeticone versus nifedipine in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies 1999;18(2):94‐6.
Chen 2004a {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Wang X, Shang J. Paroxetine and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 4000 Therapy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2004;18(11):806‐9.
Chevrel 1978 {published data only}
    1. Chevrel B. Treatment of functional intestinal disorders with carbomucil [Traitement des troubles fonctionnels intestinaux par le carbomucil]. Med Chir Dig 1978;7(5):443‐5. - PubMed
Chicharro 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chicharro Serrano L. Fiber in the treatment of intestinal diseases. Farm Hosp 2007;187:7‐13.
Christen 1990 {published data only}
    1. Christen MO. Action of pinaverium bromide, a calcium‐antagonist, on gastrointestinal motility disorders. Gen Pharmacol 1990;21(6):821‐5. - PubMed
Clouse 1994 {published data only}
    1. Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Geisman RA, Alpers DH. Antidepressant therapy in 138 patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a five‐year clinical experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(4):409‐16. - PubMed
Clouse 2003 {published data only}
    1. Clouse RE. Antidepressants for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2003;52(4):598‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Cook 1990 {published data only}
    1. Cook IJ, Irvine EJ, Campbell D, Shannon S, Reddy SN, Collins SM. Effect of dietary fiber on symptoms and rectosigmoid motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled, crossover study. Gastroenterology 1990;98(1):66‐72. - PubMed
Copé 1981 {published data only}
    1. Copé R. Comparative clinical study of the combination of clidinium(br)‐chlordiazepoxide and trimebutine in the treatment of functional colopathies. Med Chir Dig 1981;10(8):713‐7. - PubMed
Corazza 1983 {published data only}
    1. Corazza GR, Vaira D, Milletti S. Controlled clinical evaluation of pinaverium bromide and trimebutine in functional disorders of the colon. Acta Ther 1983;9(4):383‐9.
Corazziari 1999 {published data only}
    1. Corazziari E. Role of opioid ligands in the irritable bowel syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol 1999;13 Suppl A:71A‐5A. - PubMed
Creed 2003 {published data only}
    1. Creed F, Fernandes L, Guthrie E, Palmer S, Ratcliffe J, Read N, et al. The cost‐effectiveness of psychotherapy and paroxetine for severe irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2003;124:303‐17. - PubMed
Creed 2006 {published data only}
    1. Creed F. How do SSRIs help patients with irritable bowel syndrome?. Gut 2006;55(8):1065‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Crowell 2004 {published data only}
    1. Crowell MD, Jones MP, Harris LA, Dineen TN, Schettler VA, Olden KW. Antidepressants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and visceral pain syndromes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2004;5(7):736‐42. - PubMed
Curtiss 2008 {published data only}
    1. Curtiss FR. Irritable bowel syndrome and antidepressants. J Manag Care Pharm 2008;14(9):882‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Czimmer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Czimmer J, Suto G, Kiraly A, Mozsik G. Otilonium bromide enhances sensory thresholds of volume and pressure in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Physiol Paris 2001;95(1‐6):153‐6. - PubMed
Darnis 1980 {published data only}
    1. Darnis F. Clinical study of a new medication in the treatment of functional colopathies [Etude clinique d'une medication nouvelle dans le traitement des colopathies fonctionnelles]. Med Chir Dig 1981;10(5):461‐2. - PubMed
Defrance 1991 {published data only}
    1. Defrance P, Casini A. A comparison of the action of otilonium bromide and pinaverium bromide: study conducted under clinical control. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;23(8 Suppl 1):64‐6. - PubMed
De Groote 1968 {published data only}
    1. Groote J, Standaert L. The effect of a new musculotropic subtance 9 (Mebeverine) on irritable colon. Tijdschr Gastroenterol 1968;11(5):524‐8. - PubMed
de la Garoullaye 1991 {published data only}
    1. Garoullaye G, Bordet P. The combination fenoverine/PVPP + karaya gum in the treatment of irritable bowel. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1991;9(93):3‐10.
Delvaux 1997 {published data only}
    1. Delvaux M, Wingate D. Trimebutine: mechanism of action, effects on gastrointestinal function and clinical results. J Int Med Res 1997;25(5):225‐46. - PubMed
Dettmar 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dettmar PW, Sykes J. A comparison between a fixed combination of ispaghula husk and mebeverine hydrochloride or mebeverine hydrochloride plus high‐fibre dietary advice in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Res 1998;1:453‐9.
Dettmar 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dettmar PW, Sykes J. A multicentre, general practice study of the effectiveness and acceptability of an ispaghula husk‐mebeverine hydrochloride combination product in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Res 1998;1:429‐38.
Dew 1984 {published data only}
    1. Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a multicentre trial. Br J Clin Pract 1984;38(11‐12):394, 398. - PubMed
Diaz‐Rubio 1985 {published data only}
    1. Diaz‐Rubio M, Onis Sanz, Enriquez Gonzalez L, Esteban Bernaldez JM. Effects of wheat bran in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Med Interna 1985;2(9):420‐2.
Dioguardi 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dioguardi N, De FR, Agape D, Antoniozzi F, Ballarin E, Ferrara A, et al. Octilonium bromide‐diazepam versus propantheline bromide‐bromazepam in the treatment of irritable bowel‐syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, controlled, double‐blind trial. Ter Mod 1991;5(4):97‐104.
Dubinin 1987 {published data only}
    1. Dubinin AV, Kabanov AV, Kirkin BV, Kolkunova GK, Igorianova NA. Bran in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Vopr Pitan 1987;1:13‐6. - PubMed
Ehsanullah 1985 {published data only}
    1. Ehsanullah M, Lee DA, Williams T, Pollard P, Gazzard B. The effect of secoverine hydrochloride on stimulated sigmoid motility: a double‐blind, placebo controlled cross‐over study in irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985;19(3):301‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Eisenburg 1978 {published data only}
    1. Eisenburg J, Kruis W, Schussler P, Weinzierl M. The irritable colon syndrome. New therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of a frequent syndrome [Das irritable kolon‐syndrom. Neue therapeuische wege bei der behandlung eines haufigen krakheitsbildes]. Fortschr Med 1978;96(41):2064‐70. - PubMed
Evangelista 2004 {published data only}
    1. Evangelista S. Quaternary ammonium derivatives as spasmolytics for irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2004;10(28):3561‐8. - PubMed
Evans 1996 {published data only}
    1. Evans JM, Fleming KC, Talley NJ, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ. Relation of colonic transit to functional bowel disease in older people: a population‐based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46(1):83‐7. - PubMed
Ferrari 1986 {published data only}
    1. Ferrari A, Cavallero M, Spandre M. Double‐blind study of a new antimuscarinic, cimetropium bromide, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Ther 1986;8(3):320‐8. - PubMed
Fielding 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fielding JF, Melvin K. Dietary fibre and the irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr 1979;33(4):243‐7. - PubMed
Fielding 1984 {published data only}
    1. Fielding JF, Kehoe M. Different dietary fibre formulations and the irritable bowel syndrome. Ir J Med Sci 1984;153(5):178‐80. - PubMed
Fioramonti 1988 {published data only}
    1. Fioramonti J, Frexinos J, Staumont G, Bueno L. Inhibition of the colonic motor response to eating by pinaverium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1988;2(1):19‐27. - PubMed
Floch 1988 {published data only}
    1. Floch MH. The irritable bowel syndrome: the possible link between dietary fiber deficiency and disturbed intestinal motility. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83(9):963‐4. - PubMed
Francis 1994 {published data only}
    1. Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994;344(8914):39‐40. - PubMed
Frexinos 1985 {published data only}
    1. Frexinos J, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Effect of trimebutine on colonic myoelectrical activity in IBS patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28(2):181‐5. - PubMed
Fritz 1967 {published data only}
    1. Fritz A, Sardet M, Tendil H. Contribution to the treatment of colonic diseases. (Apropos of the uses of a new synthetic spasmolytic drug, mebeverine hydrochloride). Rev Corps Sante.Armees Terre Mer Air 1967;8(3):349‐58. - PubMed
Galeone 1986a {published data only}
    1. Galeone M, Benazzi E, Bossi M. Clinical and instrumental evaluation by multiple colonic manometry of tiropramide, trimebutine and octilonium bromide in irritable colon: II. Multiple dose oral administration. Pharmatherapeutica 1986;4(8):496‐509. - PubMed
Galeone 1986b {published data only}
    1. Galeone M, Stock F, Moise G. Pinaverium bromide versus otilonium bromide in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1986;39(4):613‐24.
Geismar 1971 {published data only}
    1. Geismar P. Investigation of the effect of a new spasmolytic preparation (Spasmeks) on spastic colon [Undersogelse over virkningen of et nyt spasmolytikum (Spasmeks) pa colon irritabile]. Ugeskr Laeger 1971;133(33):1610‐2. - PubMed
Geoffroy 1977 {published data only}
    1. Geoffroy H. The treatment of the irritable colon syndrome by a musculotropic antispasmodic: Duspatalin. Gaz Med Fr 1977;84(12):1331‐3.
Giaccari 2001 {published data only}
    1. Giaccari S, Grasso G, Tronci S, Allegretta L, Sponziello G, Montefusco A, et al. Partially hyrdrolyzed guar gum: A fiber as coadiuvant in irritable bowel syndrome. Clinica Terapeutica 2001;152(1):21‐5. - PubMed
Giannini 2006 {published data only}
    1. Giannini E G, Mansi C, Dulbecco P, Savarino V. Role of partially hydrolyzed guar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition 2006;22(3):334‐42. - PubMed
Gibbons 1979 {published data only}
    1. Gibbons D. Oral hyoscine butylbromide for irritable bowel syndrome?. Br Med J 1979;1(6165):752. - PMC - PubMed
Gilbody 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gilbody JS, Fletcher CP, Hughes IW, Kidman SP. Comparison of two different formulations of mebeverine hydrochloride in irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2000;54(7):461‐4. - PubMed
Glende 2002 {published data only}
    1. Glende M, Morselli‐Labate AM, Battaglia G, Evangelista S. Extended analysis of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 15‐week study with otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14(12):1331‐8. - PubMed
Gnauck 1977 {published data only}
    1. Gnauck R. Value of high fiber diet in treatment of diverticulosis, constipation and irritable colon. Therapiewoche 1977;27(37):6411‐2.
Golechha 1982 {published data only}
    1. Golechha AC, Chadda VS, Chadda S, Sharma SK, Mishra SN. Role of ispaghula husk in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (a randomized double‐blind crossover study). J Assoc Physicians India 1982;30(6):353‐5. - PubMed
Gorard 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJ. Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(2):159‐66. - PubMed
Gorard 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJ. Effect of a tricyclic antidepressant on small intestinal motility in health and diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40(1):86‐95. - PubMed
Greenbaum 1981 {published data only}
    1. Greenbaum DS, Stein GE. Psyllium and the irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1981;95(5):660. - PubMed
Greenbaum 1984 {published data only}
    1. Greenbaum DS. Preliminary report on antidepressant treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: comments on comparison with anxiolytic therapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 1984;20(4):622‐8. - PubMed
Greenbaum 1987 {published data only}
    1. Greenbaum DS, Mayle JE, Vanegeren LE, Jerome JA, Mayor JW, Greenbaum RB, et al. Effects of desipramine on irritable bowel syndrome compared with atropine and placebo. Dig Dis Sci 1987;32(3):257‐66. - PubMed
Grigoleit 2005 {published data only}
    1. Grigoleit H, Grigoleit P. Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome. Phytomedicine 2005;12(8):601‐6. - PubMed
Guerre 1979 {published data only}
    1. Guerre J, Neuman M. Treatment of chronic colonic diseases with a new topical digestive agent, mucilage (karaya gum) combined with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (P.V.P.P.). Med Chir Dig 1979;8(7):679‐82. - PubMed
Halpert 2005 {published data only}
    1. Halpert A, Dalton CB, Diamant NE, Toner BB, Hu Y, Morris CB, et al. Clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants in functional bowel disorders is not related to dosage. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:664‐71. - PubMed
Han 2009 {published data only}
    1. Han C, Masand PS, Krulewicz S, Peindl K, Mannelli P, Varia IM, et al. Childhood abuse and treatment response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a post‐hoc analysis of a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of paroxetine controlled release. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009;34(1):79‐88. - PubMed
Hebden 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hebden JM, Blackshaw E, D'Amato M, Perkins AC, Spiller RC. Abnormalities of GI transit in bloated irritable bowel syndrome: effect of bran on transit and symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2315‐20. - PubMed
Herxheimer 1979 {published data only}
    1. Herxheimer A, Misiewicz JJ. Oral hyoscine butylbromide for irritable bowel syndrome?. Br Med J 1979;1(6165):752. - PMC - PubMed
Hotz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hotz J, Plein K. Effect of psyllium seeds compared to wheat bran on stool frequency and complaints in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation. Medizinische Klinik 1994;89(12):645‐51. - PubMed
Houghton 1997 {published data only}
    1. Houghton LA, Rogers J, Whorwell PJ, Campbell FC, Williams NS, Goka J. Zamifenacin (UK‐76, 654) a potent gut M3 selective muscarinic antagonist, reduces colonic motor activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997;11(3):561‐8. - PubMed
Inauen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Inauen W, Halter F. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerance of mebeverine slow release (200 mg) vs mebeverine tablets in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Drug Invest 1994;8(4):234‐40.
Iwanaga 2002 {published data only}
    1. Iwanaga Y. Physicochemical and pharmacological characteristic and clinical efficacy of an anti‐irritable bowel syndrome agent, polycarbophil calcium (Polyful). Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2002;119(3):185‐90. - PubMed
Jackson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jackson II A, Ofman J. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: Remedy or herbal folklore. Integr Med 1998;1(4):163‐5.
Jafri 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jafri W, Yakoob J, Hussain S, Jafri N, Islam M. Phloroglucinol in irritable bowel syndrome. J Pak Med Assoc 2006;56(1):5‐8. - PubMed
Jayanthi 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jayanthi V, Malathi S, Ramathilakam B, Dinakaran N, Balasubramanian V, Mathew S. Role of pinaverium bromide in south Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 1998;46(4):369‐71. - PubMed
Ji 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ji HZ, Wu XW, Xu XB, Sun Q, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al. Evaluating the clinical effect and quality of life in the elderly with functional bowel disorder after treatment with pinaverium bromide. J Clin Rehab Tissue Eng Res 2007;11(12):2275‐8.
Jing 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jing D, Xu M, Chen Z, Zhang J, Wang P, Jiang H, et al. Emotional disorders and treatment in patients with refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Gastroenterol 2004;9(2):90‐3.
Kaushik 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kaushik A, Pursnani ML, Kar P. Multicenter phase III clinical trial of otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;21:85‐6. - PubMed
Kirsch 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kirsch MA, Louie AK. Paroxetine and irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157(9):1523‐4. - PubMed
Koch 1998 {published data only}
    1. Koch TR. Peppermint oil and irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(11):2304‐5. - PubMed
Koruda 1993 {published data only}
    1. Koruda M J. Dietary fiber and gastrointestinal disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;177(2):209‐14. - PubMed
Kountouras 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kountouras J, Chatzopoulos D, Zavos C, Boura P, Venizelos J, Kalis A. Efficacy of trimebutine therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2002;49:193‐7. - PubMed
Kumar 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kumar A, Kumar N, Vij JC, Sarin SK, Anand BS. Optimum dosage of ispaghula husk in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: correlation of symptom relief with whole gut transit time and stool weight. Gut 1987;28(2):150‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Kunze 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kunze M, Seidel HJ, Stube G. Comparative studies of the effectiveness of brief psychotherapy, acupuncture and papaverin therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1990;45(20):625‐7. - PubMed
Lafon 1982 {published data only}
    1. Lafon J, Cougard A, Pin G, Julien D. Is the combination of kaolin, sterculia gum and magnesium superior to sound in the treatment of irritable colon? Controlled clinical trial [L'association kaolin, gomme sterculia,magnesium est‐elle suerieure au son dans le traitement symptomatique du colon irritable? Etude clinique controlee]. Rev Proct 1982;1:67‐76.
Lambert 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lambert JP, Dickerson JW. A survey of high‐fibre diet‐sheets used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in Great Britain. J Hum Nutr Diet 1989;2(6):429‐35.
Lambert 1991a {published data only}
    1. Lambert JP, Brunt PW, Mowat NA, Khin CC, Lai CK, Morrison V, et al. The value of prescribed 'high‐fibre' diets for the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45(12):601‐9. - PubMed
Lambert 1991b {published data only}
    1. Lambert JP, Morrison V, Brunt PW, Mowat NA, Eastwood MA, Dickerson JW. Dietary fibre intake of irritable bowel patients prescribed a high fibre diet. J Hum Nutr Diet 1991;4(3):155‐64. - PubMed
Lawson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lawson MJ, Knight RE, Tran K, Walker G, Roberts‐Thomson IC. Failure of enteric‐coated peppermint oil in the irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double‐blind crossover study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1988;3(3):235‐8.
Levitan 1981 {published data only}
    1. Levitan MK, Dubinin AV, Beiul EA, Iurkov M, Shechovskaia AK. Treatment of colonic diverticulosis and irritable colon with wheat bran. Sov Med 1981;8(8):109‐12. - PubMed
Lin 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lin JK, Hu PJ, Wang WA, Chen Q, Chen MH. Effects of otilonium bromide on anorectal visceral sensorimotor functions of patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. World Chin J Dig 2003;11(12):1926‐8.
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Liu DL, Huo JR, Wu XP. Effect of subclincal dosage of antidepressants on refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2006;14(4):424‐5.
Locke 2004 {published data only}
    1. Locke GR III. Review: soluble fibre improves overall symptoms and constipation but not abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Evid Based Med 2004;9(6):172.
Lu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lu CL, Chen CY, Chang FY, Chang SS, Kang LJ, Lu RH, et al. Effect of a calcium channel blocker and antispasmodic in diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15(8):925‐30. - PubMed
Luttecke 1978 {published data only}
    1. Luttecke K. A trial of trimebutine in spastic colon. J Int Med Res 1978;6(2):86‐8. - PubMed
Luttecke 1980 {published data only}
    1. Luttecke K. A three‐part controlled study of trimebutine in the treatment of irritable colon syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin 1980;6(6):437‐43. - PubMed
Lydiard 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lydiard RB. Psychopharmacology in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Prim Psychiatry 2007;14(4):40‐50.
MacRae 1979 {published data only}
    1. MacRae KD. Oral hyoscine butylbromide for irritable bowel syndrome?. Br Med J 1979;1(6165):752. - PMC - PubMed
Manning 1976 {published data only}
    1. Manning AP, Heaton KW, Harvey RF, Uglow P. Cereal fibre and the irritable bowel: a controlled trial. Gut 1976;17(10):822‐3.
Manning 1977 {published data only}
    1. Manning AP, Heaton KW, Harvey RF. Wheat fibre and irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled trial. Lancet 1977;2(8035):417‐8. - PubMed
Marks 2008 {published data only}
    1. Marks DM, Han C, Krulewicz S, Pae CU, Peindl K, Patkar AA, et al. History of depressive and anxiety disorders and paroxetine response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: post hoc analysis from a placebo‐controlled study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2008;10(5):368‐75. - PMC - PubMed
Masamune 1998 {published data only}
    1. Masamune O, Miwa T, Fukutomi H, Matsuo Y, Sasaki D, Chiba M, et al. Clinical phase III comparative study of calcium polycarbophil tablet on irritable bowel syndrome ‐ A double‐blind study in comparison with torimebutine maleate. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1998;26:63‐92.
Masand 2002 {published data only}
    1. Masand PS, Gupta S, Schwartz TL, Virk S, Lockwood K, Hameed A, et al. Paroxetine in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A pilot open‐label study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002;4(1):12‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Masand 2005 {published data only}
    1. Masand PS, Gupta S, Schwartz TL, Virk S, Hameed A, Kaplan DS. Open‐label treatment with citalopram in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2005;7(4):162‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Matts 1967 {published data only}
    1. Matts SG. An assessment of dicyclomine hydrochloride ('Merbentyl') in the irritable colon syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 1967;21(11):549‐51. - PubMed
Meier 1996 {published data only}
    1. Meier R, Beglinger Ch, Brignoli R, the IBS‐CIS study group. Symptoms and colonic transit time in the irritable bowel syndrome treated with psyllium and cisapride or placebo (abstract). Gut 1996;39 Suppl 3:A33.
Miller 2006 {published data only}
    1. Miller V, Lea R, Agrawal A, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: the primary‐care perspective. Dig Liver Dis 2006;38(10):737‐40. - PubMed
Misra 1989 {published data only}
    1. Misra SP, Thorat VK, Sachdev GK, Anand BS. Long‐term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial. Q J Med 1989;73(270):931‐9. - PubMed
Modena 1993 {published data only}
    1. Modena L. Single drug treatment for irritable colon syndrome: Rociverine 20 mg t.i.d. Minerva Med 1993;84(5):263‐8. - PubMed
Mollica 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mollica G, Manno G. Otilonium bromide‐diazepam in the treatment of the irritable colon. A controlled study versus otilonium bromide. Clin Ter 1992;141(8):129‐34. - PubMed
Morgan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Morgan V, Pickens D, Gautam S, Kessler R, Mertz H. Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2005;54(5):601‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Morrison 1987 {published data only}
    1. Morrison V, Lai C KW, Khin CC. High fibre diets and irritable bowel syndrome ‐ The role of the dietitian. Scott Med J 1987;32(4):124.
Mortensen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Mortensen PB, Andersen JR, Arffmann S, Krag E. Short‐chain fatty acids and the irritable bowel syndrome: the effect of wheat bran. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987;22(2):185‐92. - PubMed
Nash 1986 {published data only}
    1. Nash P, Gould SR, Bernardo DE. Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 1986;40(7):292‐3. - PubMed
Nedogoda 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nedogoda SV, Parshev VV. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with dicetelium and spasmomen. Klin Med 2000;78(10):42‐6. - PubMed
Noel 1989 {published data only}
    1. Noel B. A multicentric study of pinaverium bromide on irritable bowel syndrome, performed in Mexico. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1989;15(4):190‐6.
Olden 2005 {published data only}
    1. Olden KW. The use of antidepressants in functional gastrointestinal disorders: new uses for old drugs. CNS Spectr 2005;10(11):891‐6. - PubMed
Pardell 1982 {published data only}
    1. Pardell H, Marcillas J, Celdran E. Double‐blind parallel study of clebopride and hyoscine N‐butylbromide in patients with irritable colon syndrome. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1982;31(1):S74‐9.
Parisi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Parisi GC, Zilli M, Miani MP, Carrara M, Bottona E, Verdianelli G, et al. High‐fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multicenter, randomized, open trial comparison between wheat bran diet and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Dig Dis Sci 2002;47(8):1697‐1704. - PubMed
Parisi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Parisi G, Bottona E, Carrara M, Cardin F, Faedo A, Goldin D, et al. Treatment effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on symptoms and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter randomized open trial. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50(6):1107‐12. - PubMed
Passaretti 1985 {published data only}
    1. Passaretti S, Fesce E, Fanti L. Effect of tiropramide hydrochloride on the intestinal transit time in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Minerva Med 1985;76(19‐20):923‐6. - PubMed
Passaretti 1989b {published data only}
    1. Passaretti S, Sorghi M, Colombo E, Mazzotti G, Tittobello A, Guslandi M. Motor effects of locally administered pinaverium bromide in the sigmoid tract of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989;27(1):47‐50. - PubMed
Pearson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pearson RL. How effective are antidepressant medications in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and nonulcer dyspepsia?. J Fam Pract 2000;49(5):396. - PubMed
Piai 1987a {published data only}
    1. Piai G, Visconti M, d'Angelo V, Sauro A, Sparano R, Mazzacca G. Glucomannan in treatment of irritable colon. Results of a controlled clinical trial [Il glucomannano nel trattamento del colon irritabile; risultati di uno studio clinico controllato]. Quaderni di Medicina e Chirurgia 1987;3(1):83‐6.
Piai 1987b {published data only}
    1. Piai G, Visconti M, Imbimbo BP, Minieri M, Sollazzo R, Mazzacca G. Long‐term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with cimetropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic compound. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1987;41(6):967‐77.
Pittler 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(7):1131‐5. - PubMed
Prior 1986a {published data only}
    1. Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Management of irritable bowel syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 1986;40(1):4‐5. - PubMed
Prior 1986b {published data only}
    1. Prior A, Akbar FA, Shroff NE, Whorwell PJ. A double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome (abstract). Gut 1986;27(Suppl 5):A625. - PMC - PubMed
Prout 1983 {published data only}
    1. Prout B J. The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Two doses of mebeverine compared. Practitioner 1983;227(1384):1607‐8. - PubMed
Quilici 1998 {published data only}
    1. Quilici FA, Dos Reis Neto, Cordeiro F, Ciquini S, Dos Reis J. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with pinaverium bromide. GED Gastrentologia Endosc Dig 1998;17(3):79‐86.
Quilici 2003 {published data only}
    1. Quilici FA, Cordeiro F, Ciquini SA, Cunha HA, Bertocello LC, Sugahara R, et al. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: Single drug therapy with mebeverine. GED Gastrentologia Endosc Dig 2003;22(6):219‐26.
Rasmussen 1982 {published data only}
    1. Rasmussen SN, Bondesen S, Edmund C, Frandsen I, Andersen I, Kempel K, et al. Treatment of irritable bowel with dietary fiber. A controlled clinical study [Behandling af colon irritabile med kostfiberrig diaet. En kontrolleret klinisk undersogelse]. Ugeskr Laeger 1982;144(33):2415‐7. - PubMed
Rees 1979 {published data only}
    1. Rees WD, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil. Br Med J 1979;2(6194):835‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Rhodes 1978 {published data only}
    1. Rhodes JB, Abrams JH, Manning RT. Controlled clinical trial of sedative‐anticholinergic drugs in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol 1978;18(7):340‐5. - PubMed
Rhodes 1980 {published data only}
    1. Rhodes J, Evans BK, Rees WD. Peppermint oil in enteric coated capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A double blind controlled trial. Hepatogastroenterology 1980;27(Suppl):E31‐6.
Ritchie 1980 {published data only}
    1. Ritchie JA, Truelove SC. Comparison of various treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. Br Med J 1980;281(6251):1317‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Sagduyu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sagduyu K. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics 2002;43(6):508‐9. - PubMed
Sato 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sato M, Murakami M. Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome‐‐psychotropic drugs, antidepressants and so on. Nippon Rinsho 2006;64(8):1495‐500. - PubMed
Schaffstein 1990 {published data only}
    1. Schaffstein W, Panijel M, Luttecke K. Comparative safety and efficacy of trimebutine versus mebeverine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter double‐blind study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1990;47(1):136‐45.
Schutz 1992 {published data only}
    1. Schutz E, Peters‐Hartel W, Mauersberger H, Munster U. The treatment of irritable colon with mebeverine. Pain relief most important. Therapiewoche Schweiz 1992;8(10):759‐760, 762.
Secco 1983 {published data only}
    1. Secco G B, Somma C, Arnulfo G, Ricci C. Controlled clinical study of the action of mebeverine hydrochloride in the treatment of irritable colon. Minerva Med. 1983;74(13):699‐702. - PubMed
Sharma 1987 {published data only}
    1. Sharma S, Saini RK, Goswami SK, Sharma A, Singh S. Role of dietary fibre in irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical study. Indian J Med Sci 1987;41(2):29‐33. - PubMed
Shaughnessy 2000 {published data only}
    1. Shaughnessy A. Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of the functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders of irritable bowel syndrome and nonulcer dyspepsia?. Evid Based Pract 2000;3(5):4, insert 2p.
Shrivastava 1984 {published data only}
    1. Shrivastava R K, Siegel H. The role of tricyclics and benzodiazepine compounds in the treatment of irritable gut syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 1984;20(4):616‐21. - PubMed
Singh 2007 {published data only}
    1. Singh B. Psyllium as therapeutic and drug delivery agent. Int J Pharm 2007;334(1‐2):1‐14. - PubMed
Slawson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Slawson D. How do high‐fiber supplements compare with guar gum for irritable bowel syndrome?. Evid Based Pract 2002;5(11):3‐4.
Snook 1994 {published data only}
    1. Snook J, Shepherd HA. Bran supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(5):511‐4. - PubMed
Soifer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Soifer LO, Paula JA, Caruso P. Effects of medicinal fiber on colonic transit in patients with irritable colon syndrome. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1987;17(4):317‐23. - PubMed
Soifer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Soifer L, Varela E, Olmos J. Manometric effects of pinaverium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome [Efectos manometricos del bromuro de pinaverio en el sindrome de intestino irritable]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1992;22(1):37‐43. - PubMed
Soriano 1992 {published data only}
    1. Soriano C, Espejo H, Garcia L. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with a calcium antagonist (pinaverium bromide): experience with 40 cases. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 1992;12(1):36‐8. - PubMed
Stiefelhagen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stiefelhagen P. Peppermint oil is helpful in irritable bowel syndrome. MMW‐Fortschr Med 2008;150(47):25.
Swiatczak 1998 {published data only}
    1. Swiatczak C, Jawien A, Swiatkowski M, Slominski JM, Kowianski Z, Zasieczny W. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with irritable bowel syndrome treated with wheat bran. Pol Merkuriusz Lek 1998;4(22):196‐8. - PubMed
Talley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Talley NJ. SSRIs in IBS: sensing a dash of disappointment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1(3):155‐9. - PubMed
Talley 2004 {published data only}
    1. Talley NJ. Antidepressants in IBS: are we deluding ourselves?. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(5):921‐3. - PubMed
Talley 2008b {published data only}
    1. Talley NJ. Newer antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome: What is the evidence?. Arch Med Sci 2008;4(1):77‐8.
Tan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tan KY, Seow‐Choen F. Fiber and colorectal diseases: Separating fact from fiction. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13(31):4161‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Tanum 1996 {published data only}
    1. Tanum L, Malt UF. A new pharmacologic treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorder. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study with mianserin. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31(4):318‐25. - PubMed
Tanum 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tanum L, Malt UF. Personality traits predict treatment outcome with an antidepressant in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorder. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35(9):935‐41. - PubMed
Tarpila 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tarpila S, Tarpila A, Grohn P, Silvennoinen T, Lindberg L. Efficacy of ground flaxseed on constipation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Current Topics in Nutraceuticals Research 2002;2(2):119‐25.
Tarquini 1984 {published data only}
    1. Tarquini M, Sannino L, Bazuro G. The irritable bowel syndrome: therapeutic effect of octilonium bromide alone and combined with a benzodiazepine. A double‐blind study. Clinica Terapeutica 1984;109(6):525‐31. - PubMed
Tasman‐Jones 1973 {published data only}
    1. Tasman‐Jones C. Mebeverine in patients with the irritable colon syndrome: double blind study. N Z Med J 1973;77(491):232‐5. - PubMed
Tinozzi 1984 {published data only}
    1. Tinozzi S, Valesi MG. Controlled clinical trial of the effectiveness of tiropramide hydrochloride versus octylonium bromide in the treatment of irritable colon syndrome. Minerva Med 1984;75(1‐2):23‐31. - PubMed
Tomas‐Ridocci 1992 {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Ridocci M, Anon R, Minguez M, Zaragoza A, Ballester J, Benages A. The efficacy of Plantago ovata as a regulator of intestinal transit. A double‐blind study compared to placebo. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1992;82(1):17‐22. - PubMed
Toussaint 1981 {published data only}
    1. Toussaint J, Cremer M, Pintens H. Single blind study of trimebutine and mebeverine in irritable colon and dyspepsia. Acta Ther 1981;7(3):261‐8.
Tripathi 1983 {published data only}
    1. Tripathi BM, Misra NP, Gupta AK. Evaluation of tricyclic compound (trimipramine) vis‐a‐vis placebo in irritable bowel syndrome. (Double blind randomised study). J Assoc Physicians India 1983;31(4):201‐3. - PubMed
Tsuneoka 1987 {published data only}
    1. Tsuneoka K, Miyoshi A, Kawakami K, Sekiguchi T, Nakazawa S. Clinical evaluation of TM 906 (trimebutine maleate) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Multi center double blind study in comparison with mepenzolate bromide. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1987;15:307‐34.
Tudor 1986 {published data only}
    1. Tudor GJ. A general practice study to compare alverine citrate with mebeverine hydrochloride in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 1986;40(7):276‐8. - PubMed
van Kerkhoven 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kerkhoven LA, Laheij RJ, Jansen JB. The role of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007;56(5):733; author reply 733. - PMC - PubMed
Van Outryve 1995 {published data only}
    1. Outryve M, Mayeur S, Meeus MA, Rosillon D, Hendrickx B, Ceuppens M. A double‐blind crossover comparison study of the safety and efficacy of mebeverine with mebeverine sustained release in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther 1995;20(5):277‐82. - PubMed
Van Steensel 1990 {published data only}
    1. Steensel CJ. Effect of dietary fiber on symptoms and rectosigmoid motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990;99(5):1538. - PubMed
Villagrasa 1991 {published data only}
    1. Villagrasa M, Boix J, Humbert P, Quer JC. Aleatory clinical study comparing otilonium bromide with a fiber‐rich diet in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;8 Suppl 1:67‐70. - PubMed
Wald 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wald A. Fiber supplements for irritable bowel syndrome: do they really make a difference?. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85(12):1652‐3. - PubMed
Wald 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wald A. Psychotropic agents in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;35(1 Suppl):S53‐7. - PubMed
Wang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wang WA, Qian JM, Pan GZ. Treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome with subclinical dosage of antidepressants. Chung‐Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 2003;25(1):74‐8. - PubMed
Wittmann 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wittmann T, Feher A, Rosztoczy A, Janosi J. Effectiveness of pinaverium bromide therapy on colonic motility disorders in irritable bowel syndrome. Orv Hetil 1999;140(9):469‐73. - PubMed
Woolner 2000 {published data only}
    1. Woolner JT, Kirby GA. Clinical audit of the effects of low‐fibre diet on irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet 2000;13(4):249‐53.
Yuan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Yuan Y, Xu B, Ke M, Liu Y, Fu L, Li Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of otilonium bromide for irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Gastroenterol 2003;8(5):279‐82.
Yuan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Yuan Y, Xu B, Mo J, Wang J, Li Z. Efficacy and safety use of trimebutine maleate in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Chin.J.Gastroenterol. 2005;10(3):143‐7.
Zhang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HB, Han GH, Zhou XM, Guo XG, Wang BL, Wu KC, et al. Effects of treatments with otilonium bromide, collodal bismuth tartrate and compound diphenoxylate in the irritable bowel syndrome: a double‐blind random controlled study. The Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2002;18(5):328‐32.
Zhou 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhou HQ, Li DG, Sogn GH. Effect of paroxetine hydrochloride and pinaverium bromide therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Clin Rehab 2002;6(23):3576‐7.
Zuckerman 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zuckerman MJ. The role of fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: therapeutic recommendations. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40(2):104‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abdul‐Baki 2009 {published data only}
    1. Abdul‐Baki H, Hajj II, Elzahabi L, Azar C, Aoun E, Skoury A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of imipramine in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(29):3636‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Bijkerk 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bijkerk CJ, Wit NJ, Muris JW, Whorwell PJ, Knottnerus JA, Hoes AW. Soluble or insoluble fibre in irritable bowel syndrome in primary care? Randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2009;339:b3154. - PMC - PubMed
Everitt 2010 {published data only}
    1. Everitt HA, Moss‐Morris RE, Sibelli A, Tapp L, Coleman NS, Yardley L, et al. Management of irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: feasibility randomised controlled trial of mebeverine, methylcellulose, placebo and a patient self‐management cognitive behavioural therapy website. (MIBS trial). BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:136. - PMC - PubMed
Khalif 2009 {published data only}
    1. Khalif IL, Quigley EM, Makarchuk PA, Golovenko OV, Podmarenkova LF, Dzhanayev YA. Interactions between symptoms and motor and visceral sensory responses of irritable bowel syndrome patients to spasmolytics (antispasmodics). J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2009;18(1):17‐22. - PubMed
Ladabaum 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ladabaum U, Sharabidze A, Levin TR, Zhao WK, Chung E, Bacchetti P, et al. Citalopram provides little or no benefit in nondepressed patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8(1):42‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Merat 2010 {published data only}
    1. Merat S, Khalili S, Mostajabi P, Ghorbani A, Ansari R, Malekzadeh R. The effect of enteric‐coated, delayed‐release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55(5):1385‐90. - PubMed
Pace 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pace F, Maurano A, Ciacci C, Savarino V, Attili A, Iaquinto G, et al. Octatropine methyl bromide and diazepam combination (Valpinax) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14(3):155‐62. - PubMed
Reme 2010 {published data only}
    1. Reme SE, Kennedy T, Jones R, Darnley S, Chalder T. Predictors of treatment outcome after cognitive behavior therapy and antispasmodic treatment for patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care. J Psychosom Res 2010;68(4):385‐8. - PubMed
Saps 2009 {published data only}
    1. Saps M, Youssef N, Miranda A, Nurko S, Hyman P, Cocjin J, et al. Multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2009;137(4):1261‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Wittmann 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wittmann T, Paradowski L, Ducrotté P, Bueno L, Andro Delestrain MC. Clinical trial: the efficacy of alverine citrate/simeticone combination on abdominal pain/discomfort in irritable bowel syndrome‐‐a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(6):615‐24. - PubMed

Additional references

Akehurst 2001
    1. Akehurst R, Kaltenthaler E. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A review of randomised controlled trials. Gut 2001;48(2):272‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Bijkerk 2004
    1. Bijkerk CJ, Muris JW, Knottnerus JA, Hoes AW, Wit NJ. Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(3):245‐51. - PubMed
Brandt 2002
    1. Brandt LJ, Bjorkman D, Fennerty MB, Locke GR, Olden K, Peterson W, et al. Systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(11 Suppl):S7‐26. - PubMed
Burkitt 1972
    1. Burkitt DP, Walker AR, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fibre on stools and the transit‐times, and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet 1972;2(7792):1408‐12. - PubMed
Creed 2001
    1. Creed F, Ratcliffe J, Fernandez L, Tomenson B, Palmer S, Rigby C, et al. Health‐related quality of life and health care costs in severe, refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(9 Pt 2):860‐8. - PubMed
Drossman 2006
    1. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology 2006;130(5):1377‐90. - PubMed
Ford 2008
    1. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, Foxx‐Orenstein AE, Schiller L, Quigley EM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2008;337:a2313. - PMC - PubMed
Ford 2009
    1. Ford A C, Talley N J, Schoenfeld P S, Quigley E M, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Gut 2009;58(3):367‐78. - PubMed
Ford 2010
    1. Ford AC, Guyatt GH, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Errors in the conduct of systematic reviews of pharmacological interventions for irritable bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;105(2):280‐8. - PubMed
Hillila 2004
    1. Hillila MT, Farkkila MA. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to different diagnostic criteria in a non‐selected adult population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20(3):339‐45. - PubMed
Hungin 2003
    1. Hungin AP, Whorwell PJ, Tack J, Mearin F. The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(5):643‐50. - PubMed
Irvine 2006
    1. Irvine EJ, Whitehead WE, Chey WD, Matsueda K, Shaw M, et al. Design of treatment trials for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130(5):1538‐51. - PubMed
Jackson 2000
    1. Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Tomkins G, Balden E, Santoro J, Kroenke K. Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressant medications: a meta‐analysis. Am J Med 2000;108(1):65‐72. - PubMed
Jailwala 2000
    1. Jailwala J, Imperiale TF, Kroenke K. Pharmacologic treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2000;133(2):136‐47. - PubMed
Jones 2000a
    1. Jones J, Boorman J, Cann P, Forbes A, Gomborone J, Heaton K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2000;47 Suppl 2:ii1‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2000b
    1. Jones R. IBS: prime problem in primary care. Gut 2000;46(1):7‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Lesbros‐Pantoflickova 2004
    1. Lesbros‐Pantoflickova D, Michetti P, Fried M, Beglinger C, Blum A L. Meta‐analysis: The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20(11‐12):1253‐69. - PubMed
Longstreth 2003
    1. Longstreth GF, Wilson A, Knight K, Wong J, Chiou CF, Barghout V, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome, health care use, and costs: a U.S. managed care perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(3):600‐7. - PubMed
Manning 1978
    1. Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW, Morris AF. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med J 1978;2(6138):653‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Pare 2006
    1. Pare P, Gray J, Lam S, Balshaw R, Khorasheh S, Barbeau M, et al. Health‐related quality of life, work productivity, and health care resource utilization of subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: baseline results from LOGIC (Longitudinal Outcomes Study of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Canada), a naturalistic study. Clin Ther 2006;28(10):1726‐35; discussion 1710‐1. - PubMed
Poynard 1994
    1. Poynard T, Naveau S, Mory B, Chaput JC. Meta‐analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(5):499‐510. - PubMed
Poynard 2001
    1. Poynard T, Regimbeau C, Benhamou Y. Meta‐analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(3):355‐61. - PubMed
Rahimi 2009
    1. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. Efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta‐analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(13):1548‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Riedl 2008
    1. Riedl A, Schmidtmann M, Stengel A, Goebel M, Wisser AS, Klapp BF, et al. Somatic comorbidities of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic analysis. J Psychosom Res 2008;64(6):573‐82. - PubMed
Schoenfeld 2006
    1. Schoenfeld P, Talley NJ. Measuring successful treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: is "satisfactory relief " enough?. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101(5):1066‐8. - PubMed
Tack 2006b
    1. Tack J, Fried M, Houghton LA, Spicak J, Fisher G. Systematic review: the efficacy of treatments for irritable bowel syndrome‐‐a European perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24(2):183‐205. - PubMed
Talley 2006
    1. Talley NJ. A unifying hypothesis for the functional gastrointestinal disorders: really multiple diseases or one irritable gut?. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2006;6(2):72‐8. - PubMed
Verdu 2008
    1. Verdu B, Decosterd I, Buclin T, Stiefel F, Berney A. Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain. Drugs 2008;68(18):2611‐32. - PubMed

MeSH terms