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. 2012 Mar;68(3):362-70.
doi: 10.1002/ps.2270. Epub 2011 Aug 10.

Carbofuran occupational dermal toxicity, exposure and risk assessment

Derek W Gammon  1 , Zhiwei Liu, John M Becker
Affiliations

Carbofuran occupational dermal toxicity, exposure and risk assessment

Derek W Gammon et al. Pest Manag Sci. 2012 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide that inhibits AChE. Although toxic by ingestion in mammals, it has low dermal toxicity, with relatively few confirmed worker illnesses. This risk assessment describes its time of onset, time to peak effect and time to recovery in rats using brain AChE inhibition in acute and 21 day dermal studies; in vitro rat/human relative dermal absorption for granular (5G) and liquid (4F) formulations; occupational exposure estimates using the Pesticide Handlers' Exposure Database and Agricultural Handlers' Exposure Database (PHED/AHED).

Results: The point of departure for acute risk calculation (BMDL(10)) was 6.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for brain AChE inhibition after 6 h exposure. In a 21 day study, the BMDL(10) was 6.8 mg kg(-1) day(-1), indicating reversibility. At 75 mg kg(-1) day(-1), time of onset was ≤ 30 min and time to peak effect was 6-12 h. Rat skin had ca tenfold greater dermal absorption of carbofuran (Furadan(®) 5G or 4F) than human skin. Exposure estimates for 5G in rice and 4F in ten crops had adequate margins of exposure (>100).

Conclusion: Rat dermal carbofuran toxicity was assessed in terms of dose and time-related inhibition of AChE. Comparative dermal absorption in rats was greater than in humans. Worker exposure estimates indicated acceptable risk for granular and liquid formulations of carbofuran.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Inhibition of brain AChE activities following acute dermal exposure to carbofuran technical for 6 h..
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of dermal carbofuran on rat brain AChE activity, U/L (mean ± SD)..
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of dermal carbofuran on rat RBC AChE activity, U/L (mean ± SD)..
Figure 4
Figure 4
Inhibition of brain AChE activities after dermal exposure to carbofuran technical for 21 days (6 h day−1)..
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percutaneous absorption of [14C]-carbofuran in Furadan® 4F and [14C]-piperonyl butoxide (PBO, 97 µg cm−2) applied to viable excised human versus rat skin (mean ± SD, n = 6). Stratacor I: dermal absorption (tape strips + epidermis + dermis + receptor fluid); Stratacor II: dermal penetration (dermis + receptor fluid)..
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References

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MeSH terms