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. 2011 Dec;101 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S224-30.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300232. Epub 2011 Aug 11.

Particulate air pollution and socioeconomic position in rural and urban areas of the Northeastern United States

Paul J Brochu  1 , Jeff D Yanosky, Christopher J Paciorek, Joel Schwartz, Jarvis T Chen, Robert F Herrick, Helen H Suh
Affiliations

Particulate air pollution and socioeconomic position in rural and urban areas of the Northeastern United States

Paul J Brochu et al. Am J Public Health. 2011 Dec.

Abstract

Objectives: Although differential exposure by socioeconomic position (SEP) to hazardous waste and lead is well demonstrated, there is less evidence for particulate air pollution (PM), which is associated with risk of death and illness. This study determined the relationship of ambient PM and SEP across several spatial scales.

Methods: Geographic information system-based, spatio-temporal models were used to predict PM in the Northeastern United States. Predicted concentrations were related to census tract SEP and racial composition using generalized additive models.

Results: Lower SEP was associated with small, significant increases in PM. Annual PM(10) decreased between 0.09 and 0.93 micrograms per cubic meter and PM(2.5) between 0.02 and 0.94 micrograms per cubic meter for interquartile range increases in income. Decrements in PM with SEP increased with spatial scale, indicating that between-city spatial gradients were greater than within-city differences. The PM-SEP relation in urban tracts was not substantially modified by racial composition.

Conclusions: Lower compared with higher SEP populations were exposed to higher ambient PM in the Northeastern United States. Given the small percentage change in annual PM(2.5) and PM(10), SEP was not likely a major source of confounding in epidemiological studies of PM, especially those conducted within a single urban/metropolitan area.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Predicted census tract mean fine particulate a pollution (PM2.5) with 3 levels of spatial smoothing: (a) excluding regional variability: 332 estimated degrees of freedom (edf); (b) excluding regional and subregional variability: 949 edf; and (c) allowing within-metropolitan-area variability only: 1769 edf.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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