Minor physical anomalies in patients with bipolar I disorder and normal controls

Abstract

Background: The neurodevelopmental hypothesis is well established in schizophrenia but has received modest empirical support in bipolar disorder. In schizophrenia it is partly based on the higher prevalence of minor physical anomalies (MPAs), established by many well controlled studies. No studies with comparable designs have been performed in bipolar disorder. The present study aims to establish the rate and topographic distribution of MPAs in bipolar I patients.

Methods: The subjects were 61 patients (25 men, 36 women) with bipolar I disorder and 103 normal subjects (49 men, 54 women) who were examined for MPAs using a modified version of the Waldrop Physical Anomaly Scale.

Results: The bipolar I patients showed significantly higher regional MPA scores in 3 distinct regions - mouth, feet and head, as well as in the overall scores for the craniofacial complex, the periphery and the total MPA score. Differences were statistically significant for 3 anomalies - high/steepled palate, big gap between I and II toes and furrowed tongue that made significant contribution to the prediction of the patient-control status in a discriminant analysis model.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that aberrant processes of neurodevelopment may contribute to the etiology of bipolar I disorder. The field is open for further research using modern instruments and designs in order to identify potential biological markers for bipolar disorder.