Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: a national probability study

Abstract

Background: Olfactory and gustatory functions have not been well characterized in older adults in the US. Consequently, their relationships to sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and mental health, were studied in a large national probability sample using brief validated tests of chemosensory function.

Methods: A five-odour identification test and taste-impregnated strips of filter paper (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) assessed the ability to identify chemosensory stimuli.

Results: Severe gustatory dysfunction was more prevalent than severe olfactory dysfunction. Age, education and sex were independently associated with performance on both the olfactory and gustatory identification tasks. Higher scores were associated with female sex, higher level of education, and lower age. Odour identification scores exhibited a positive, albeit weak, correlation with BMI, and food-related odours were better identified than non-food odours. In addition, odour identification performance was also negatively associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions: These data demonstrate a high prevalence of severe gustatory and, to a somewhat lesser extent, olfactory dysfunction in a population-based sample and demonstrate that even brief tests are capable of detecting correlations between both chemical senses and relevant health measures outside a clinical setting.

Figure 1

a. Frequency distribution of number of correct responses to the gustatory identification test. b. Frequency distribution of number of correct responses to the olfactory identification test.

Figure 2

a. Mean gustatory identification score, and standard deviations, plotted per age group and sex. b. Mean olfactory identification score, and standard deviations, plotted per age group and sex.