Implications of group III and IV muscle afferents for high-intensity endurance exercise performance in humans

Abstract

We investigated the influence of group III/IV muscle afferents on peripheral fatigue, central motor drive (CMD) and endurance capacity during high-intensity leg-cycling. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, seven males performed constant-load cycling exercise (318 ± 9 W; 80% of peak power output (W(peak))) to exhaustion under placebo conditions and with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl impairing spinal μ-opioid receptor-sensitive group III/IV muscle afferents. Peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in pre- vs. post-exercise quadriceps force in response to supramaximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation (ΔQ(tw,pot)). CMD was estimated via quadriceps electromyogram. To rule out a direct central effect of fentanyl, we documented unchanged resting cardioventilatory responses. Compared to placebo, significant hypoventilation during the fentanyl trial was indicated by the 9% lower V(E)/V(CO(2)), causing a 5 mmHg increase in end-tidal P(CO(2)) and a 3% lower haemoglobin saturation. Arterial pressure and heart rate averaged 8 and 10% lower, respectively, during the fentanyl trial and these differences progressively diminished towards end-exercise. Although initially similar, the percent change in CMD was 9 ± 3% higher at end-exercise with fentanyl vs. placebo (P < 0.05). Time to exhaustion was shorter (6.8 ± 0.3 min vs. 8.7 ± 0.3 min) and end-exercise ΔQ(tw,pot) was about one-third greater (-44 ± 2% vs. -34 ± 2%) following fentanyl vs. placebo. The rate of peripheral fatigue development was 67 ± 10% greater during the fentanyl trial (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that feedback from group III/IV muscle afferents limits CMD but also minimizes locomotor muscle fatigue development by stimulating adequate ventilatory and circulatory responses to exercise. In the face of blocked group III/IV muscle afferents, CMD is less inhibited but O(2) transport compromised and locomotor muscle fatigability is exacerbated with a combined net effect of a reduced endurance performance.

Figure 1. Exercise performance and locomotor muscle fatigue associated with constant load bike exercise (318 ± 9 W) to voluntary exhaustion with (Fentanyl) and without (Placebo) partially blocked neural feedback from locomotor muscles

Top panel illustrates individual differences in time to exhaustion; bottom panel illustrates individual exercise-induced reductions in potentiated quadriceps twitch force (Q_tw,pot).

Figure 2. Myoelectrical activity (integrated EMG, iEMG) of vastus lateralis during exercise at 318 ± 9 W

Values are normalized to the mean of the first minute of each trial. *P < 0.05 vs. end-exercise under placebo condition.

Figure 3. Metabolic and cardioventilatory responses during a brief rest period and during constant load bike exercise (318 ± 9 W) to exhaustion with (Fentanyl) and without (Placebo) partially blocked neural feedback from locomotor muscles

The P value indicates the overall main effect of fentanyl during the first 5 min of exercise. *P < 0.05 vs. end-exercise under placebo condition.

Figure 4. Mean arterial pressure

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at rest, after 3 min and at exhaustion (8.7 ± 0.3 min and 6.8 ± 0.3 min for Placebo and Fentanyl, respectively) following constant load bike exercise at 318 ± 9 W.