Type 2 diabetes, glucose homeostasis and incident atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes has been inconsistently associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in previous studies that have frequently been beset by methodological challenges.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Participants: Detailed medical histories were obtained from 13 025 participants. Individuals were categorised as having no diabetes, pre-diabetes or diabetes based on the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria at study baseline (1990-2).

Main outcome measures: Diagnoses of incident AF were obtained to the end of 2007. Associations between type 2 diabetes and markers of glucose homeostasis and the incidence of AF were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for possible confounders.

Results: Type 2 diabetes was associated with a significant increase in the risk of AF (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.60) after adjustment for confounders. There was no indication that individuals with pre-diabetes or those with undiagnosed diabetes were at increased risk of AF compared with those without diabetes. A positive linear association was observed between HbA1c and the risk of AF in those with and without diabetes (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20) and HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.15 per 1% point increase, respectively). There was no association between fasting glucose or insulin in those without diabetes, but a significant association with fasting glucose was found in those with the condition. The results were similar in white subjects and African-Americans.

Conclusions: Diabetes, HbA1c level and poor glycaemic control are independently associated with an increased risk of AF, but the underlying mechanisms governing the relationship are unknown and warrant further investigation.

Figure 1

Relationship between diabetes, pre-diabetes and physician-diagnosed diabetes with incident atrial fibrillation among whites and African-Americans in ARIC by gender (1990–2007). Individuals without diabetes comprised the reference group for each comparison. Diabetes included all individuals with FSG ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c > 6.5% or use of diabetic medication or history of physician-diagnosed diabetes. Undiagnosed diabetes = FSG ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c > 6.5% but no history of diabetic medication usage or physician-diagnosed diabetes. The black boxes represent the estimate of effect adjusted for age, education, income, prior history of cardiovascular disease, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, use of hypertensive medications, and cigarette smoking. Horizontal lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. Open diamond represents the estimate of effect for the overall population.