Vestibular and other balance disorders in multiple sclerosis. Differential diagnosis of disequilibrium and topognostic localization

Abstract

Disorders of balance and equilibrium are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). This article reviews areas of central nervous system anatomy that may be involved in MS disequilibrium as well as the role of clinical examination, electrophysiologic testing, and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and assessment of vestibular dysfunction in MS patients. Relevant literature is reviewed and a case history is presented.