Beverage consumption among European adolescents in the HELENA study

Abstract

Background/objectives: Our objective was to describe the fluid and energy consumption of beverages in a large sample of European adolescents.

Subjects/methods: We used data from 2741 European adolescents residing in 8 countries participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS). We averaged two 24-h recalls, collected using the HELENA-dietary assessment tool. By gender and age subgroup (12.5-14.9 years and 15-17.5 years), we examined per capita and per consumer fluid (milliliters (ml)) and energy (kilojoules (kJ)) intake from beverages and percentage consuming 10 different beverage groups.

Results: Mean beverage consumption was 1611 ml/day in boys and 1316 ml/day in girls. Energy intake from beverages was about 1966 kJ/day and 1289 kJ/day in European boys and girls, respectively, with sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) (carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, including soft drinks, fruit drinks and powders/concentrates) contributing to daily energy intake more than other groups of beverages. Boys and older adolescents consumed the most amount of per capita total energy from beverages. Among all age and gender subgroups, SSBs, sweetened milk (including chocolate milk and flavored yogurt drinks all with added sugar), low-fat milk and fruit juice provided the highest amount of per capita energy. Water was consumed by the largest percentage of adolescents followed by SSBs, fruit juice and sweetened milk. Among consumers, water provided the greatest fluid intake and sweetened milk accounted for the largest amount of energy intake followed by SSBs. Patterns of energy intake from each beverage varied between countries.

Conclusions: European adolescents consume an average of 1455 ml/day of beverages, with the largest proportion of consumers and the largest fluid amount coming from water. Beverages provide 1609 kJ/day, of which 30.4%, 20.7% and 18.1% comes from SSBs, sweetened milk and fruit juice, respectively.

Figure 1

Per capita fluid (mL) and energy (kJ) beverage consumption patterns among European adolescents (n=2,741) aged 12.5–17.5 years. ¹Includes diet drinks, unsweetened coffee, unsweetened tea, vegetable juice, other sweetened beverages, and other beverages. ²Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; includes calorically sweetened soda, fruit drinks, and sports drinks.

Figure 2

Per capita fluid (mL) beverage consumption patterns among European adolescents (n=2,741) by gender and age. ¹Includes diet drinks, unsweetened coffee, unsweetened tea, vegetable juice, other sweetened beverages, and other beverages. ²Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; includes calorically sweetened soda, fruit drinks, and sports drinks. ³Per consumer estimates for energy and fluid between gender or age groups are statistically significantly different from one another, students t-test p<0.05 using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.

Figure 3

Per capita energy (kJ) beverages consumption patterns among European adolescents (n=2,741) by gender and age. ¹Includes diet drinks, unsweetened coffee, unsweetened tea, vegetable juice, other sweetened beverages, and other beverages. ²Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; includes calorically sweetened soda, fruit drinks, and sports drinks. ³Per consumer estimates for energy and fluid between gender or age groups are statistically significantly different from one another, students t-test p<0.05 using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.

Figure 4

Per capita energy (kJ) beverage consumption patterns across countries among European adolescents (n=2,741) aged 12.5–17.5 years. ¹Includes diet drinks, unsweetened coffee, unsweetened tea, vegetable juice, other sweetened beverages, and other beverages. ²Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; includes calorically sweetened soda, fruit drinks, and sports drinks.