Bioactive pigments from marine bacteria: applications and physiological roles

Abstract

Research into natural products from the marine environment, including microorganisms, has rapidly increased over the past two decades. Despite the enormous difficulty in isolating and harvesting marine bacteria, microbial metabolites are increasingly attractive to science because of their broad-ranging pharmacological activities, especially those with unique color pigments. This current review paper gives an overview of the pigmented natural compounds isolated from bacteria of marine origin, based on accumulated data in the literature. We review the biological activities of marine compounds, including recent advances in the study of pharmacological effects and other commercial applications, in addition to the biosynthesis and physiological roles of associated pigments. Chemical structures of the bioactive compounds discussed are also presented.

Figure 1

Prodiginine derivatives.

Figure 2

Astaxanthin.

Figure 3

Violacein and deoxyviolacein.

Figure 4

Phenazine derivatives.

Figure 5

Quinones.

Figure 6

Tambjamine.

Figure 7

Other pigmented compounds.