The epothilones: new therapeutic agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract

The management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) presents a clinical challenge because of limitations in efficacy and durability with currently available therapeutics. The epothilones represent a novel class of anticancer therapy that stabilizes microtubules, causing cell death and tumor regression in preclinical models. The structure of the tubulin-binding site for epothilones is distinct from that of the taxanes. Moreover, preclinical studies suggest nonoverlapping mechanisms of resistance between epothilones and taxanes. In early-phase studies in patients with CRPC, treatment with ixabepilone, a semisynthetic analog of epothilone B, induced objective responses and prostate-specific antigen declines in men previously progressing on docetaxel-based regimens. Clinical activity has been observed in nonrandomized trials for patients with CRPC using ixabepilone in the first- and second-line settings as a single agent and in combination with estramustine. Patupilone and sagopilone were also shown to have promising efficacy in phase II clinical trials of patients with CRPC. All three epothilones appear to be well tolerated, with modest rates of neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy. The lack of crossresistance between epothilones and taxanes may allow sequencing of these agents. Evaluating epothilones in phase III comparative trials would provide much-needed insight into their potential place in the management of patients with CRPC.

Figure 1.

Efficacy of ixabepilone alone or in combination with estramustine in patients with CRPC [44]. Abbreviations: CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.

Figure 2.

Efficacy of second-line ixabepilone in patients with CRPC who had progressed on docetaxel [9]. Abbreviations: CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.