Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003236.pub2.
Exercise training for adults with chronic kidney disease
Affiliations
- PMID: 21975737
- PMCID: PMC10183198
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003236.pub2
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Exercise training for adults with chronic kidney disease
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In the National Kidney Foundation Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines it is stressed that lifestyle issues such as physical activity should be seen as cornerstones of the therapy. The physical fitness in adults with CKD is so reduced that it impinges on ability and capacity to perform activities in everyday life and occupational tasks. An increasing number of studies have been published regarding health effects of various regular exercise programmes in adults with CKD and in renal transplant patients.
Objectives: We aimed to: 1) assess the effects of regular exercise in adults with CKD and kidney transplant patients; and 2) determine how the exercise programme should be designed (e.g. type, duration, intensity, frequency of exercise) to be able to affect physical fitness and functioning, level of physical activity, cardiovascular dimensions, nutrition, lipids, glucose metabolism, systemic inflammation, muscle morphology and morphometrics, dropout rates, compliance, adverse events and mortality.
Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Biosis, Pedro, Amed, AgeLine, PsycINFO and KoreaMed. We also handsearched reference lists of review articles and included studies, conference proceeding's abstracts. There were no language restrictions.Date of last search: May 2010.
Selection criteria: We included any randomised controlled trial (RCT) enrolling adults with CKD or kidney transplant recipients undergoing any type of physical exercise intervention undertaken for eight weeks or more. Studies using less than eight weeks exercise, those only recommending an increase in physical activity, and studies in which co-interventions are not applied or given to both groups were excluded.
Data collection and analysis: Data extraction and assessment of study and data quality were performed independently by the two authors. Continuous outcome data are presented as standardised mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Main results: Forty-five studies, randomising 1863 participants were included in this review. Thirty two studies presented data that could be meta-analysed. Types of exercise training included cardiovascular training, mixed cardiovascular and resistance training, resistance-only training and yoga. Some studies used supervised exercise interventions and others used unsupervised interventions. Exercise intensity was classed as 'high' or 'low', duration of individual exercise sessions ranged from 20 minutes/session to 110 minutes/session, and study duration was from two to 18 months. Seventeen per cent of studies were classed as having an overall low risk of bias, 33% as moderate, and 49% as having a high risk of bias.The results shows that regular exercise significantly improved: 1) physical fitness (aerobic capacity, 24 studies, 847 participants: SMD -0.56, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.42; walking capacity, 7 studies, 191 participants: SMD -0.36, 95% CI-0.65 to -0.06); 2) cardiovascular dimensions (resting diastolic blood pressure, 11 studies, 419 participants: MD 2.32 mm Hg, 95% CI 0.59 to 4.05; resting systolic blood pressure, 9 studies, 347 participants: MD 6.08 mm Hg, 95% CI 2.15 to 10.12; heart rate, 11 studies, 229 participants: MD 6 bpm, 95% CI 10 to 2); 3) some nutritional parameters (albumin, 3 studies, 111 participants: MD -2.28 g/L, 95% CI -4.25 to -0.32; pre-albumin, 3 studies, 111 participants: MD - 44.02 mg/L, 95% CI -71.52 to -16.53; energy intake, 4 studies, 97 participants: SMD -0.47, 95% CI -0.88 to -0.05); and 4) health-related quality of life. Results also showed how exercise should be designed in order to optimise the effect. Other outcomes had insufficient evidence.
Authors' conclusions: There is evidence for significant beneficial effects of regular exercise on physical fitness, walking capacity, cardiovascular dimensions (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate), health-related quality of life and some nutritional parameters in adults with CKD. Other outcomes had insufficient evidence due to the lack of data from RCTs. The design of the exercise intervention causes difference in effect size and should be considered when prescribing exercise with the aim of affecting a certain outcome. Future RCTs should focus more on the effects of resistance training interventions or mixed cardiovascular- and resistance training as these exercise types have not been studied as much as cardiovascular exercise.
Conflict of interest statement
None known.
Figures
Flow diagram showing study identification and selection
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), outcome: 1.1 Aerobic capacity.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), outcome: 1.2 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), outcome: 1.10 Heart rate: maximum [bpm].
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Muscular strength (low value = improved).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Muscular endurance quadriceps: Sit‐to‐Stand‐to‐Sit‐60.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Walking capacity.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Stair climbing capacity: stair climb test (22 steps).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 ADL capacity.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Albumin.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Pre‐albumin.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 SGA.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Energy intake.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Protein intake.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Transferrin.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Fat mass.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Waist circumference.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Mid‐arm circumference.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Mid‐calf circumference.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Mid‐thigh circumference.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 23 Interleukin 6.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 24 Lymphocytes (x 109 L).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 25 Protein catabolic rate.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 26 Physical activity.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 27 Depression.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 28 Triglycerides.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 29 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 30 HDL cholesterol.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 31 LDL cholesterol.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 32 Type I muscle fibre area.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 33 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 34 Thigh muscle attenuation (Hounsfield units).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 35 HRV index.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 36 Mean cardiac R‐R interval.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 37 SDNN.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 38 Arrhythmias: Lown class > II (no).
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 39 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 40 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 41 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 42 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 43 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 44 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 45 Fasting plasma glucose.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 46 Fasting plasma insulin.
Comparison 1 Any exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 47 Glucose disappearance.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Muscular strength (low value = improved).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Muscular endurance quadriceps: Sit‐to‐Stand‐to‐Sit‐60.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Walking capacity.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Stair climbing capacity: stair climb test (22 steps).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 ADL capacity.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Albumin.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Pre‐albumin.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 SGA.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Energy intake.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Protein intake.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Transferrin.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Fat mass.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Waist circumference.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Mid‐arm circumference.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Mid‐calf circumference.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Mid‐thigh circumference.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 23 Interleukin 6.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 24 Lymphocytes (x 109 L).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 25 Protein catabolic rate.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 26 Physical activity.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 27 Depression.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 28 Triglycerides.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 29 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 30 HDL cholesterol.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 31 Type I muscle fibre area.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 32 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 33 Thigh muscle attenuation (Hounsfield units).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 34 HRV index.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 35 Mean cardiac R‐R interval.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 36 SDNN.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 37 Arrhythmias: Lown class > II (no).
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 38 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 39 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 40 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 41 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 42 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 43 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 44 Fasting plasma glucose.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 45 Fasting plasma insulin.
Comparison 2 High intensity (≥ 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 46 Glucose disappearance.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength (low value = improved).
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Depression.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 3 Low intensity (< 60%) exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Muscular endurance quadriceps: Sit‐to‐Stand‐to‐Sit‐60.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Walking capacity.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Stair climbing capacity: stair climb test (22 steps).
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 ADL capacity.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Albumin.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Pre‐albumin.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 SGA.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 Energy intake.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Protein intake.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Transferrin.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Fat mass.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Physical activity.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Depression.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Triglycerides.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 HDL cholesterol.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 23 LDL cholesterol.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 24 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 25 HRV index.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 26 Mean cardiac R‐R interval.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 27 SDNN.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 28 Arrhythmias: Lown class > II (no).
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 29 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 30 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 31 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 32 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 33 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 34 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 35 Fasting plasma glucose.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 36 Fasting plasma insulin.
Comparison 4 Cardiovascular exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 37 Glucose disappearance.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Walking capacity.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Fat mass.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Depression.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 HRV index.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 Mean cardiac R‐R interval.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 SDNN.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Arrhythmias: Lown class > II (no).
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 5 Mixed cardiovascular and resistance exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Muscular strength (low value = improved).
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Muscular endurance quadriceps: Sit‐to‐Stand‐to‐Sit‐60.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Walking capacity.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Albumin.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 Pre‐albumin.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Energy intake.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Protein intake.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Transferrin.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Fat mass.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Waist circumference.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Mid‐arm circumference.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 Mid‐calf circumference.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Mid‐thigh circumference.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Interleukin 6.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Lymphocytes (x 109 L).
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Protein catabolic rate.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Physical activity.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Type I muscle fibre area.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 6 Resistance training versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Thigh muscle attenuation (Hounsfield units).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Muscular strength (low value = improved).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Muscular endurance quadriceps: Sit‐to‐Stand‐to‐Sit‐60.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Walking capacity.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Stair climbing capacity: stair climb test (22 steps).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 ADL capacity.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Albumin.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Pre‐albumin.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 SGA.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Energy intake.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 Protein intake.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 Transferrin.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Fat mass.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Waist circumference.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Mid‐arm circumference.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Mid‐calf circumference.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Mid‐thigh circumference.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 23 Interleukin 6.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 24 Lymphocytes (x 109 L).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 25 Protein catabolic rate.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 26 Physical activity.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 27 Depression.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 28 Triglycerides.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 29 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 30 HDL cholesterol.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 31 Type I muscle fibre area.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 32 Mid‐thigh muscle area.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 33 Thigh muscle attenuation (Hounsfield units).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 34 HRV index.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 35 Mean cardiac R‐R interval.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 36 SDNN.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 37 Arrhythmias: Lown class > II (no).
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 38 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 39 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 40 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 41 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 42 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 43 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 44 Fasting plasma glucose.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 45 Fasting plasma insulin.
Comparison 7 Supervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 46 Glucose disappearance.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Muscular strength.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Walking capacity.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 ADL capacity.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 Diastolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 6 Systolic blood pressure: resting.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 7 Heart rate: maximum.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 8 Heart rate: resting.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 9 Albumin.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 10 Energy intake.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 11 Fat mass.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 12 Physical activity.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 13 Depression.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 14 Triglycerides.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 15 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 16 HDL cholesterol.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 17 LDL cholesterol.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 18 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 19 Left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 20 Intraventricular septal thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 21 Left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 22 Left ventricular mass.
Comparison 8 Unsupervised exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 23 Left ventricular mass index.
Comparison 9 Yoga exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 1 Muscular strength (high value = improved).
Comparison 9 Yoga exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 2 Grip strength.
Comparison 9 Yoga exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 3 Triglycerides.
Comparison 9 Yoga exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 4 Total cholesterol.
Comparison 9 Yoga exercise versus control (no exercise/placebo exercise), Outcome 5 HDL cholesterol.
Comment in
-
Cochrane review: In adults with chronic kidney disease regular exercise improves physical fitness, walking capacity, heart rate and blood pressure and some nutritional parameters.Evid Based Nurs. 2012 Jul;15(3):95-6. doi: 10.1136/ebnurs-2011-100470. Epub 2012 Jan 8. Evid Based Nurs. 2012. PMID: 22228803 No abstract available.
-
[Chronic kidney diseases: positive effect of exercise training].Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2013 Feb;138(6):248. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1329139. Epub 2013 Jan 29. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2013. PMID: 23361344 German. No abstract available.
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References
References to studies included in this review
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Deligiannis‐LI 1999 {published data only}
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- Deligiannis A, Kouidi E, Vassiliou S, Tourkantonis A. The effects of exercise training on the autonomic control of heart rate in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(6):A175.
DePaul 2002 {published data only}
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- DePaul V, Moreland J, Eager T, Clase CM. The effectiveness of aerobic and muscle strength training in patients receiving hemodialysis and EPO: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;40(6):1219‐29. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Eidemak 1997 {published data only}
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Fitts 1995 {published data only}
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Fitts 1999 {published data only}
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- Fitts SS, Guthrie MR, Blagg CR. Rehabilitation should parallel the course of the disease: counselling & exercise coaching for patients [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(9):1386.
Frey 1999 {published data only}
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- Frey S, Mir AR, Lucas M. Visceral protein status and caloric intake in exercising versus nonexercising individuals with end‐stage renal disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 1999;9(2):71‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldberg 1983 {published data only}
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Harter 1985 {published data only}
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- Goldberg AP, Geltman EM, Gavin JR III, Carney RM, Hagberg JM, Delmez JA, et al. Exercise training reduces coronary risk and effectively rehabilitates hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1986;42(4):311‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Johansen 2006 {published data only}
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- Johansen KL, Painter PL, Gordon P, Doyle J, Sakkas GK. Effects of resistance exercise training and anabolic steroid treatment among hemodialysis patients: results of the NEXT study [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):617A.
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- Johansen KL, Painter PL, Sakkas GK, Gordon P, Doyle J, Shubert T. Effects of resistance exercise training and nandrolone decanoate on body composition and muscle function among patients who receive hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(8):2307‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jong 2004 {published data only}
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- Jong KH, Jeong LS, Hyun YT, Suk PY, Young JM, Eun AS, et al. Effects of walking exercise for health status in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [abstract]. 41st Congress. European Renal Association European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15‐18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:188.
Koh 2010a {published data only}
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- Koh KP, Fassett RG, Sharman JE, Coombes JS, Williams AD. Effect of intradialytic versus home‐based aerobic exercise training on physical function and vascular parameters in hemodialysis patients: a randomized pilot study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(1):88‐99. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koh 2010b {published data only}
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- Koh KP, Fassett RG, Sharman JE, Coombes JS, Williams AD. Effect of intradialytic versus home‐based aerobic exercise training on physical function and vascular parameters in hemodialysis patients: a randomized pilot study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(1):88‐99. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Konstantinidou‐D 2002 {published data only}
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- Konstantinidou E, Koukouvou G, Kouidi E, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Exercise training in patients with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis: comparison of three rehabilitation programs. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2002;34(1):40‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Konstantinidou‐ND 2002 {published data only}
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- Konstantinidou E, Koukouvou G, Kouidi E, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Exercise training in patients with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis: comparison of three rehabilitation programs. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2002;34(1):40‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Konstantinidou‐US 2002 {published data only}
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- Konstantinidou E, Koukouvou G, Kouidi E, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Exercise training in patients with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis: comparison of three rehabilitation programs. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2002;34(1):40‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kopple 2007a {published data only}
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- Kopple JD, Wang H, Casaburi R, Fournier M, Lewis MI, Taylor W, et al. Exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients induces transcriptional changes in genes favoring anabolic muscle. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(11):2975‐86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koufaki 2002a {published data only}
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Koufaki 2003 {published data only}
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Kouidi 1997a {published data only}
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Kouidi 2002a {published data only}
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- Kouidi E, Grekas D, Dombros N, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Exercise training after renal transplantation: cardiac autonomic effects [abstract M474]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2002.
Kouidi 2002b {published data only}
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- Kouidi E, Grekas D, Iakovides A, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Depression, heart rate variability and exercise training in dialysis patients [abstract T388]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2002. - PubMed
Kouidi 2003a {published data only}
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Kouidi 2004a {published data only}
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Kouidi 2005 {published data only}
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- Kouidi E, Grekas DM, Ouzouni SG, Iacovides AI, Deligiannis AP. Psychosocial effects of exercise training during dialysis in uraemic patients under epoietin therapy [abstract MP338]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2005.
Kouidi 2009 {published data only}
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- Kouidi E, Sioulis A, Koukouvou G, Konstantinidou E, Grekas D, Deligiannis A. The effects of exercise training on non‐invasive variables for cardiac risk stratification in hemodialysis patients [abstract SP662]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2006.
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- Kouidi EJ, Grekas DM, Deligiannis AP. Effects of exercise training on noninvasive cardiac measures in patients undergoing long‐term hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2009;54(3):511‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Lee 2001 {published data only}
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- Lee YK, Kim C, Pyo JH, Kim CH, Ji JW. Endurance exercise training before hemodialysis: an effective therapeutic modality for end‐stage renal disease patients. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2001;20(2):290‐97.
Leehey 2009 {published data only}
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- Bast J, Qureshi S, Moinuddin I, Collins E, Jelinek C, Cooper C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise in obese diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;90:960A.
Matsumoto 2007 {published data only}
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- Matsumoto Y, Furuta A, Furuta S, Miyajima M, Sugino T, Nagata K, et al. The impact of pre‐dialytic endurance training on nutritional status and quality of life in stable hemodialysis patients (Sawada study). Renal Failure 2007;29(5):587‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Molsted 2004 {published data only}
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- Molsted S, Eidemak I, Sorensen HT, Kristensen JH. Five months of physical exercise in hemodialysis patients: effects on aerobic capacity, physical function and self‐rated health. Nephron 2004;96(3):c76‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ouzouni 2009 {published data only}
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Painter 2002a {published data only}
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- Painter P, Stewart A, Hector L, Ray K, Dibble S, Tomlanovich S. Exercise increases self‐reported physical functioning in kidney transplant recipients [abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1997;29(5 Suppl):S207.
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- Painter P, Tomlanovich SL, Hector L, Ray K, Ascher NL. Exercise (EX) training alone does not change cardiovascular (CV) risk profile following renal transplant (RTX) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2001;12:911A.
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Painter 2002b {published data only}
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- Painter P, Moore G, Carlson L, Paul S, Myll J, Phillips W, et al. Effects of exercise training plus normalization of hematocrit on exercise capacity and health‐related quality of life. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;39(2):257‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Painter 2003 {published data only}
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Parsons 2004 {published data only}
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- Parsons TL, Toffelmire EB, King‐VanVlack CE. The effect of an exercise program during hemodialysis on dialysis efficacy, blood pressure and quality of life in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61(4):261‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PEAK Study 2005 {published data only}
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- Cheema B, Abas H, Smith B, O'Sullivan A, Chan M, Patwardhan A, et al. Progressive exercise for anabolism in kidney disease (PEAK): a randomized, controlled trial of resistance training during hemodialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(5):1594‐601. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Cheema B, Abas H, Smith B, O'Sullivan A, Chan M, Patwardhan A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intradialytic resistance training to target muscle wasting in ESRD: the Progressive Exercise for Anabolism in Kidney Disease (PEAK) study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;50(4):544‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Cheema B, Sullivan A, Chan M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance training during maintenance hemodialysis treatment: The PEAK Study [abstract]. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2004;12(3):260.
-
- Smith BC, Cheema BS, O'Sullivan AJ, Pang G, Lloyd BD, Patwardhan A, et al. Resistance training during hemodialysis reduces C‐reactive protein. Results from a randomized controlled trial of progressive exercise for anabolism in kidney disease (the PEAK Study) [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(Suppl 1):13‐4.
Segura‐Orti 2009 {published data only}
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- Segura‐Orti E, Kouidi E, Lison JF. Effect of resistance exercise during hemodialysis on physical function and quality of life: randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nephrology 2009;71(5):527‐37. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Toussaint 2008 {published data only}
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- Toussaint ND, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Impact of intradialytic exercise on arterial compliance and B‐type natriuretic peptide levels in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International 2008;12(2):254‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tsuyuki 2003 {published data only}
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- Tsuyuki K, Kimura Y, Chiashi K, Matsushita C, Ninomiya K, Choh K, et al. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope as monitoring tool for physical training in chronic hemodialysis patients. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2003;7(4):461‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
van Vilsteren 2005 {published data only}
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- Vilsteren MC, Greef MH, Huisman RM. The effects of a low‐to‐moderate intensity pre‐conditioning exercise programme linked with exercise counselling for sedentary haemodialysis patients in The Netherlands: results of a randomized clinical trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(1):141‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yurtkuran 2007 {published data only}
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- Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Yurtkuran M, Dilek K. A modified yoga‐based exercise program in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2007;15(3):164‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
Adams 2006 {published data only}
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- Adams GR, Vaziri ND. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic renal failure: effects of exercise. American Journal of Physiology ‐ Renal Physiology 2006;290(4):F753‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Adorati 2000 {published data only}
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- Adorati M. The effect of intradialytic exercise on solute removal. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(8):1264. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ahn 2000 {published data only}
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- Ahn JH. The effect of the self efficacy promotion and exercise training program of kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(5):1181‐94.
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- Ahn JH. The effect of the self efficacy promotion and exercise training program on anxiety, depression and quality of life of kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing 2001;13(2):223‐32.
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- Ahn JH, Kim NC. The effects of the self efficacy promotion and exercise program on the weight, body fat rate, exercise time and cardiopulmonary function of kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing 2000;12(3):452‐62.
Ahn 2001 {published data only}
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- Ahn JH, Ha HS, Hong JJ. The change of muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility and activities of daily living of the kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing 2001;13(1):5‐14.
Amaral 1999 {published data only}
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- Amaral‐Melendez M, McKnight GT, Franks BD, Domingue J, Reyes R. Physiological and psychological responses to submaximal exercise at different times in renal disease patients [abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1999;31(5 Suppl):S360.
Anderson 2001 {published data only}
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- Anderson JE. Ambulatory and pre and post hemodialysis blood pressure is lower after 3 months of exercise therapy [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12:319A.
Anderson 2004 {published data only}
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- Anderson JE, Boivin Jr MR, Hatchett L. Effect of exercise training on interdialytic ambulatory and treatment‐related blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 2004;26(5):539‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Anonymous 1998 {published data only}
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- Anonymous. Life options rehabilitation program endorses qualitative research to understand patient perspectives. Dialysis & Transplantation 1998;27(4):192. [EMBASE: 1998135858]
Anonymous 2001 {published data only}
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- Anonymous. Summaries for patients: Weight‐training exercises to counteract the negative effects of low‐protein diets in people with kidney disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;135(11):S‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Antonoff 1988 {published data only}
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- Antonoff A, Boone JL, Lundin AP, Zabetakis PM, Zimmerman SW. Exercise and dialysis patients. Dialysis & Transplantation 1988;17(4):172‐74. [EMBASE: 1988111247]
Argani 2001 {published data only}
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- Argani H, Firoozi F, Jabbari R. Exercise during dialysis increases efficacy of dialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(6):A114.
Baiardi 2002 {published data only}
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- Baiardi F, Esposti ED, Cocchi R, Fabbri A, Sturani A, Valpiani G, et al. Effects of clinical and individual variables on quality of life in chronic renal failure patients. Journal of Nephrology 2002;15(1):61‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bandel 1983 {published data only}
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- Bandel‐Walcer R. Physical therapy and exercise: an under‐utilized patient service. Nephrol Nurse 1983;5(3):16‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Banerjee 2004 {published data only}
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- Banerjee A, Kong CH, Farrington K. The haemodynamic response to submaximal exercise during isovolaemic haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004;19(6):1528‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bavikati 2008 {published data only}
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- Bavikati VV, Sperling LS, Salmon RD, Faircloth GC, Gordon TL, Franklin BA, et al. Effect of comprehensive therapeutic lifestyle changes on prehypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 2008;102(12):1677‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beddhu 2009 {published data only}
Bernardi 2005 {published data only}
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- Bernardi A, Biasia F, Pati T, Piva M, Scaramuzzo P, Stoppa F, et al. Factors affecting nutritional status, response to exercise, and progression of chronic rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2005;15(1):54‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beto 1998 {published data only}
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- Beto JA, Bansal VK. Interventions for other risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, menopause, and homocysteine. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1998;32(5 Suppl 3):S172‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Biehl 1997 {published data only}
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- Biehl AM, Graver V, Stenehjem A. Should patients with chronic renal kidney failure exercise? ‐ a pilot study. Fysioterapeuten 1997;74(6):8‐10.
Biolo 2005 {published data only}
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- Biolo G, Ciocchi B, Stulle M, Piccoli A, Lorenzon S, Dal Mas V, et al. Metabolic consequences of physical inactivity. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2005;15(1):49‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Blagg 1994 {published data only}
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- Blagg CR. The socioeconomic impact of rehabilitation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1994;24(1 Suppl 1):S17‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bolanos 1993 {published data only}
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- Bolanos L, Mesa L, Vazquez C, Lavilla J, Errasti P. Physical exercise and chronic renal insufficiency [Ejercicio físico e insuficiencia renal crónica]. Revista de Medicina de la Universidad de Navarra 1993;38(1):38‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Boone 1987 {published data only}
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- Boone JL. Exercise and the hemodialysis patient. Dialysis & Transplantation 1987;16(5):243‐45. [EMBASE: 1987124322]
Borregaard 2003 {published data only}
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- Borregaard S, Krause N, Rieckert H. Exercise training during hemodialysis [Bewegungstherapie während einer Dialyse. Eine experimentelle Studie zum Krfat‐ und Ausdauerverhalten und zur Lebensqualität]. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2003;54(12):347‐51.
Boyce 1997 {published data only}
-
- Boyce ML, Robergs RA, Avasthi PS, Roldan C, Foster A, Montner P, et al. Exercise training by individuals with predialysis renal failure: cardiorespiratory endurance, hypertension, and renal function. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1997;30(2):180‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Brawner 1999 {published data only}
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- Brawner CA, Hakim M, Schairer JR. End‐stage renal disease: case report from Henry Ford Hospital. Clinical Exercise Physiology 1999;1(1):13‐6.
Bronas 2009 {published data only}
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- Bronas UG. Exercise training and reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2009;16(6):449‐58. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Brunier 1993 {published data only}
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- Brunier GM, Graydon J. The influence of physical activity on fatigue in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. Anna Journal 1993;20(4):457‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Burke 1985 {published data only}
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- Burke E, Germain M, Fitzgibbon J, Braden G. Maximal exercise during hemodialysis [abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1985;17(2):183.
Cade 1995 {published data only}
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- Cade P. Patient's perspective: exercise and a positive attitude help dialysis patients to thrive. Nephrology News & Issues 1995;9(4):26‐28. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cade 1997 {published data only}
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- Cade P. How exercise can change "disability" to "ability" in the ESRD patient. Nephrology News & Issues 1997;11(8):55‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cade 2004 {published data only}
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- Cade P. Leg training. Assessing the body's energy reserves. Nephrology News & Issues 2004;18(5):70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Capitanini 2008 {published data only}
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- Capitanini A, Cupisti A, Mochi N, Rossini D, Lupi A, Michelotti G, et al. Effects of exercise training on exercise aerobic capacity and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2008;21(5):738‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cappy 1999 {published data only}
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- Cappy CS, Jablonka J, Schroeder ET. The effects of exercise during hemodialysis on physical performance and nutrition assessment. Journal of Renal Nutrition 1999;9(2):63‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Carey 1997 {published data only}
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- Carey S, Painter P. An exercise program for CAPD patients. Nephrology News & Issues 1997;11(6):15‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Carlson 1999 {published data only}
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Carney 1983 {published data only}
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- Carney RM, McKevitt PM, Goldberg AP, Hagberg J, Delmez JA, Harter HR. Psychological effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1983;33(3):179‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cashion 2000 {published data only}
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Castaneda 1998 {published data only}
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Castellino 1987 {published data only}
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Chan 2007 {published data only}
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- Chan M, Cheema BS, Fiatarone Singh MA. Progressive resistance training and nutrition in renal failure. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2007;17(1):84‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cheema 2005a {published data only}
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- Cheema BS, Smith BC, Singh MA. A rationale for intradialytic exercise training as standard clinical practice in ESRD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005;45(5):912‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cheema 2005b {published data only}
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- Cheema BS, Singh MA. Exercise training in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review of clinical trials. American Journal of Nephrology 2005;25(4):352‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cheema 2006 {published data only}
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- Cheema BS, O´Sullivan AJ, Patwardhan NA, Kelly J, Gillin A, Fiatarone Singh MA. Progressive resistance training during hemodialysis: rationale and method of a randomized‐controlled trial. Hemodialysis International 2006;10(3):303‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chen 2005 {published data only}
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Cheng 2003 {published data only}
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Clark 1996 {published data only}
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- Clark BA, Shannon C, Brown RS, Gervino EV. Extrarenal potassium homeostasis with maximal exercise in end‐stage renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(8):1223‐27. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Clyne 1991a {published data only}
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- Clyne N, Ekholm J, Jogestrand T, Lins LE, Pehrsson SK. Effects of exercise training in predialytic uremic patients. Nephron 1991;59(1):84‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Clyne 1996 {published data only}
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- Clyne N. Physical working capacity in uremic patients. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 1996;30(4):247‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Clyne 2004a {published data only}
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- Clyne N. Physical working capacity and muscle strength in chronic renal failure are improved by exercise [Motion förbättrar arbetsförmågan och muskelstyrkan vid kronisk njursvikt]. Läkartidningen 2004;101(50):4111‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Colangelo 1997 {published data only}
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Cook 2008 {published data only}
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- Cook S, MacLaughlin H, Newell G, Holesgrove M, Kariyawasama D, Roseke M, et al. Can a structured multidisciplinary programme combining exercise, diet and orlistat achieve significant weight loss and improved functional ability in patients with chronic kidney disease? [abstract MP664]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2006.
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Copley 1999 {published data only}
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Copley 2001 {published data only}
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- Copley JB. Resistance training enhances the value of protein restriction in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;135(11):999‐1001. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cowan 2000 {published data only}
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Cowan 2001 {published data only}
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- Cowan PA, Cashion AK, Kreider RB, Hathaway DK, Gaber AO. Exercise results in sustained improvement in cardiac autonomic function in kidney and kidney‐pancreas transplant recipients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(5 Suppl):S139.
Cowen 1995 {published data only}
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- Cowen TD, Huang CT, Lebow J, DeVivo MJ, Hawkins LN. Functional outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of patients with end‐stage renal disease. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1995;76(4):355‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Curtin 2002 {published data only}
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Dasselaar 2004 {published data only}
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- Dasselaar J, Huisman R, Franssen C, Farrington K, Banerjee A, Kong C. The haemodynamic response to submaximal exercise during isovolaemic haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004;19(6):1528‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Daul 1990 {published data only}
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- Daul AE, Volker K, Alberty A, Hollmann W, Philipp Th. Benefits of exercise training for the physical and psychosocial rehabilitation of patients on maintenance hemodialysis [Dialyse‐Sportgruppe: Eine Möglichkeit zur Verbesserung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit und der psycho‐sozialen Rehabilitation chronischer Dialysenpatienten]. Nieren‐ und Hochdruckkrankheiten 1990;19(6):275‐84. [EMBASE: 1990246165]
Daul 2004 {published data only}
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- Daul AE, Schafers RF, Daul K, Philipp T. Exercise during hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61 Suppl 1:S26‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Death 1999 {published data only}
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- Death C. Exercising to fitness on dialysis. Edtna‐Erca Journal 1999;25(2):13‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deligiannis 2002 {published data only}
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- Deligiannis A. Report from the second International Congress on quality of life in end‐stage renal disease, Thessaloniki, Greece, March 8‐9, 2002. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(11):1888‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deligiannis 2004a {published data only}
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- Deligiannis A. Cardiac adaptations following exercise training in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61 Suppl 1:S39‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deligiannis 2004b {published data only}
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- Deligiannis A. Exercise rehabilitation and skeletal muscle benefits in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61 Suppl 1:S46‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Derici 2005 {published data only}
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Desmet 2003 {published data only}
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- Desmet C, Beguin C, Swine C, Jadoul M, Universite Catholique de Louvain Collaborative Group. Falls in hemodialysis patients: prospective study of incidence, risk factors and complications. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005;45(1):148‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Donwerth 1994 {published data only}
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Endo 1995 {published data only}
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- Endo F, Usuda S, Nakamura M, Kurashige S. The effects of rehabilitation on the immune responses in patients I: The effects of exercise training on the T‐cell activity in chronic hemaodialysis patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 1995;7:15‐20.
Endo 1996 {published data only}
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- Endo F, Asakawa Y, Usuda S, Yamamoto T. Effects of daily walking exercise on chronic hemodialysis outpatients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 1996;8(1):1‐4.
Evans 2004 {published data only}
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- Evans N, Forsyth E. End‐stage renal disease in people with type 2 diabetes: systemic manifestations and exercise implications. Physical Therapy 2004;84(5):454‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Farese 2008 {published data only}
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- Farese S, Aregger F, Ivo B, Kruse A, Frey FJ, Uehlinger DE. Transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation and passive cycling movements increase blood pressure and enhance urea and phosphate removal during hemodialysis [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):78A.
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Fatouros 2008 {published data only}
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- Fatouros IG, Pasadakis P, Sovatzidis A, Chatzinikolaou A, Panagoutsos S, Sivridis D, et al. Acute exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress response in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2008;109(2):C55‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ferreira 2003 {published data only}
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- Ferreira LG, Bergamaschi CT, Lazaretti‐Castro M, Varros ER, Heilberg IP. Effects of long‐term creatine supplementation and physical exercise on body composition, bone mineral density and renal function in rats [abstract M413]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2003.
Finkelstein 2002 {published data only}
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Fitts 1996 {published data only}
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Fitts 1997 {published data only}
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- Fitts SS. Physical benefits and challenges of exercise for people with chronic renal disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 1997;7(3):123‐28.
Forrest 2004 {published data only}
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- Forrest GP. Inpatient rehabilitation of patients requiring hemodialysis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(1):51‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Francavilla 2002 {published data only}
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- Francavilla G. Cristofalo M. Castellino P. Francavilla VC. Kidney and physical exercise. Effects of programmed training [Rene ed esercicizio fisico: effetti dellállenamento programmato]. Medicina dello Sport 2002;55(3):241‐45. [EMBASE: 2002460903]
Franssen 2002 {published data only}
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Fritschka 2000 {published data only}
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- Fritschka E, Mahlmeister J, Endlein‐Frank E, Liebscher‐Steinecke R, Wanner C, Birkner B, et al. A prospective study on the long‐term effect of a new multidisciplinary physical fitness training for patients with kidney disease and high blood pressure in relation to rehabilitation [Eine prospektive Studie zum langzeiteffekt enines neuen multidisziplinären Gesundheitstrainings bei nierenkranken Patienten mit Bluthochdruck im Rahmen der stationären Rehabilitation]. Nieren‐ und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2000;29(12):625‐7. [EMBASE: 2001013440]
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Fritschka 2001 {published data only}
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- Fritschka E, Mahlmeister J, Liebscher‐Steinecke R, Schätzlein S, Endlein‐Frank E. Rehabilitation in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, in dialysis patients, and after renal transplantation [Rehabilitation bei Patienten mot chronischer Niereninsuffiziens, Dialysepateinten und nach Nierentransplantation]. Prävention und Rehabilitation 2001;13(2):67‐77. [EMBASE: 2001235298]
Fritschka 2003 {published data only}
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- Fritschka E, Mahlmeister J, Liebscher‐Steinecke R. Preventive strategies and aims of vocational rehabilitation in chronic renal insufficiency patients [Möglichkeiten der Prävention und der sozialen und beruflichen Wiedereingliederung in der nephrologischen Rhabilitation]. Nieren‐ und Hochdruckkrankenheit 2003;32(9):408‐19. [MEDLINE: ]
Fuhrmann 2004 {published data only}
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Fuiano 2004 {published data only}
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- Fuiano G, Mancuso D, Cianfrone P, Comi N, Mazza G, Marino F, et al. Can young adult patients with proteinuric IgA nephropathy perform physical exercise?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004;44(2):257‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fulignati 2002 {published data only}
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Furuland 1998 {published data only}
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Gavin 1982 {published data only}
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Germain 1985 {published data only}
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- Germain M, Burke E, Fitzgibbons J, Braden G. Maximal exercise during hemodialysis physiological effects [abstract]. Kidney International 1985;27(1):161.
Goldberg 1979a {published data only}
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- Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM, Delmez JA, Florman RW, Harter HR. Effects of exercise training on coronary risk factors in hemodialysis patients. Proceedings of the Clinical Dialysis & Transplant Forum 1979;9:39‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldberg 1979b {published data only}
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Goldberg 1980a {published data only}
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- Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM, Delmez JA, Haynes ME, Harter HR. Metabolic effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 1980;18(6):754‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldberg 1980b {published data only}
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- Goldberg AP, Hagberg J, Delmez JA, Carney RM, McKevitt PM, Ehsani AA, et al. The metabolic and psychological effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1980;33(7):1620‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldberg 1984 {published data only}
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Golper 1984 {published data only}
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Gonzales 1993 {published data only}
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Gonzales 1996 {published data only}
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- Gonzalez‐Molina M, Cabello M, Tinahones F, Burgos D, Lillo J, Soriguer F, et al. Hyperlipoproteinemia in renal transplant patients: Effect of hypocaloric diet, exercise and HMG‐CoA reductase inhibition [Hyperlipoproteinemia en el transplante renal: respuesta a dieta la hipocalórica, ejercico físico y lovastatina]. Nefrologia 1996;16(4):359‐64. [EMBASE: 1996302763]
Goodman 2004 {published data only}
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Gordon 2005 {published data only}
Gordon 2009 {published data only}
Grant 2004 {published data only}
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- Grant SJ, Miller BW. Effects of exercise on musculoskeletal complaints and blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2004;11(2):240.
Green 1979 {published data only}
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- Greene MC, Zabetakis PM, Gleim GW, Pasternak FL, Saraniti AJ, Michelis MF, et al. Effect of exercise on lipid metabolism and dietary intake in hemodialysis patients. Proceedings of the Clinical Dialysis & Transplant Forum 1979;9:80‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Greinert 1986 {published data only}
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- Greinert M, Kielstein R, Lachhein L. Exercise training in patients with chronic kidney disease [Sporttherapie bei chronisch niereninsuffizienten Patienten]. Medizin und Sport 1986;26(6):179‐81.
Guarnieri 2005 {published data only}
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- Guarnieri G, Grassi G, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Biolo G. The impact of inflammation on metabolic regulation in chronic kidney disease: a review. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2005;15(1):121‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gültekin 2003 {published data only}
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- Gultekin Z, Akman B, Ozdemir FN. Preliminary effect of exercise training on anxiety and depression scores in dialysis patients [Diyaliz hastalarinda egzersiz egitimin anksiyete ve depresyon ölcegi puanlari üzerine etkisi]. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon 2003;14(1):16‐22. [EMBASE: 2003410887]
Habedank 2009 {published data only}
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Haber 1988 {published data only}
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- Haber P, Burghuber OC. Principles and general practice of goal‐oriented planning of training in patients with diabetic nephropathy and in dialysis patients [Grundlagen und Praxis einer zielorientierten Trainungsplanung bei Patienten mit diabetischer Nephropathie und bei Dialysepatienten]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1988;138(14):350‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hagberg 1983 {published data only}
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- Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP, Ehsani AA, Heath GW, Delmez JA, Harter HR. Exercise training improves hypertension in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology 1983;3(4):209‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haouzi 1994 {published data only}
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- Haouzi P, Andre JL, Durand PY, Chanliau J, Uffholtz H, Kessler M. Haemodialysis induced arterial potassium changes and control of breathing during exercise. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(7):877‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hase 1983 {published data only}
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- Hase H, Nakamura T, Ebine K, Akaike M, Nomura M, Chang K. Evaluation of exercise tolerance and cardiac function on symptom limited treadmill exercise test in chronic hemodialysis patients, and exercise training. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. Japanese Journal of Nephrology 1983;25(10):1255‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hauser 1995 {published data only}
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Headley 2002 {published data only}
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- Headley S, Germain M, Mailloux P, Mulhern J, Ashworth B, Burris J, et al. Resistance training improves strength and functional measures in patients with end‐stage renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;40(2):355‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Headley 2008 {published data only}
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- Headley SA, Germain MJ, Milch CM, Buchholz MP, Coughlin MA, Pescatello LS. Immediate blood pressure‐lowering effects of aerobic exercise among patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology 2008;13(7):601‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hebbar 2000 {published data only}
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Heiwe 2001a {published data only}
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Heiwe 2005 {published data only}
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- Heiwe S, Clyne N, Tollback A, Borg K. Effects of regular resistance training on muscle histopathology and morphometry in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2005;84(11):865‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hensel 1973 {published data only}
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- Hensel G, Bundschu HD, Durr F. Effect of physical exertion on various hemodynamic values in patients treated regularly by hemodialysis [Der Einfluss körperlicher Belastung auf verschiedene hämodynamische Grössen bei Patienten unter regelmässiger Hämodialysebehandlung]. Medizinische Welt 1973;24(16):639‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Hiramatsu 2003 {published data only}
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Itoh 1992 {published data only}
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Jang 2009 {published data only}
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Johansen 2000 {published data only}
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- Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Ng AV, Mulligan K, Carey S, Schoenfeld PY, et al. Physical activity levels in patients on hemodialysis and healthy sedentary controls. Kidney International 2000;57(6):2564‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Johansen KL, Shubert T, Doyle J, Soher B, Sakkas GK, Kent‐Braun JA. Muscle atrophy in patients receiving hemodialysis: effects on muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical function. Kidney International 2003;63(1):291‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Johansen 2005a {published data only}
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- Johansen KL. Exercise and chronic kidney disease: current recommendations. Sports Medicine 2005;35(6):485‐99. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Johansen KL, Doyle J, Sakkas GK, Kent‐Braun JA. Neural and metabolic mechanisms of excessive muscle fatigue in maintenance hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Physiology ‐ Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology 2005;289(3):R805‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Kalevrosoglou J, Kabouris C, Daniilidis M, Agouridaki C, Kouidi E, Grekas D. Exercise training in HD patients during the hemodialysis treatment: Metabolic and immunologic alterations [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A200.
Kalogerakou 2006 {published data only}
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- Kalogerakou T, Papadakis E, Kosmadakis G, Papakonstantinou M, Tsaggalis G, Zerefos S, et al. Effects of intradialytic exercise on nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients [abstract MP451]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2006.
Karamouzi 2002 {published data only}
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- Karamouzis M, Kouidi E, Karamouzis I, Grekas D, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A, et al. The effect of systematic exercise on bone metabolism and aerobic capacity of chronic hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):130.
Karamouzis 2009 {published data only}
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Karmiel 1996 {published data only}
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Kern 2009 {published data only}
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- Kesi I, Sagi B, Vas T, Kovacs T, Wittmann I, Nagy J. Heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with renal function in patients with a homogenous chronic renal disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25(2):509‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Kolewaski 2005 {published data only}
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Kong 1999b {published data only}
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Kopple 2003 {published data only}
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Kopple 2005 {published data only}
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Kosmadakis 2007 {published data only}
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Kouidi 1999 {published data only}
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Kouidi 2000 {published data only}
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- Kouidi E, Vassiliou S, Grekas D, Deligiannis A, Tourkantonis A. Cardiorespiratory adaptations to long‐term physical training in dialysis patients. Proceedings of the XXXVII Congress of ERA‐EDTA, European Renal Association;2000; Nice (France). 2000:306.
Kouidi 2001 {published data only}
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Kouidi 2002c {published data only}
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Kouidi 2002d {published data only}
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Krause 1993a {published data only}
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- Krause R, Abel H‐H, Fuhrmann I. Exercise therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease [Bewegungs‐ und Sportherapie bei chronisch Nierenkranken]. In: Conradi E, Brenke R editor(s). Bewegungstherapie ‐ Grundlagen, Ergebnisse, Trends. First Edition. Berlin: Ullstein‐Mosby, 1993:189‐201. [ISBN:3‐86126‐507‐9]
Krause 1993b {published data only}
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- Krause R, Fuhrmann I, Jurké MA. Indications, experiences and practical issues for exercise training in patients with chronic kidney disease [Indikationen, Erfahrungen und praktische Anleitungen für die Sporttherapie bei chronischen Nierenpatienten]. EDTNA‐ERCA Journal 1993;XX(1):52‐5.
Krause 1993c {published data only}
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- Krause R, Muthny FA, Kielstein R, Daul A, Asmus G. Experiences of a rehabilitation exercise for patients with dialysis (a retrospective participant survey) [abstract] [Erfahrung mit Rehabilitationssport für Dialysepatienten (eine retrospektive Teilnehmerbefragung)]. Nieren‐Hochdruckkr 1991;20:423‐4.
Krause 1994 {published data only}
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- Krause R, Fuhrmann I. Sports therapy as a prevention of complications in chronic renal patients [abtsract]. PECDED 1994;23(Suppl 1):S107.
Krause 2003a {published data only}
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Krause 2003b {published data only}
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Krause 2004a {published data only}
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- Krause R, Daul AE. Preface. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61(Suppl 1):S1. - PubMed
Krause 2004b {published data only}
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- Krause R, Daul AE. Nephrologists' view on exercise training in chronic kidney disease. Clinical Nephrology 2004;61(Suppl 1):S2‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Krause R, Weber F, Fuhrmann I, Mienert K, Schott ES, Hopfenmüller W, et al. Training during hemodialysis rehabilitates ESRD patients for dialy‐living‐activities: comparative evaluation of functional status and patient's questionnaire [abstract SP452]. ERA‐EDTA Congress. 2004.
Kuge 2005 {published data only}
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Kutner 1994 {published data only}
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Kutner 2000 {published data only}
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Kutner 2007 {published data only}
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- Kutner NG. How can exercise be incorporated into the routine care of patients on dialysis?. International Urology & Nephrology 2007;39(4):1281‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Leaf 2004 {published data only}
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Leikis 2004 {published data only}
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Lennon 1986 {published data only}
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Leung 2000 {published data only}
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Leung 2003 {published data only}
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Painter 1986b {published data only}
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Painter 1988b {published data only}
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Painter 1994c {published data only}
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Painter 1999a {published data only}
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Painter 1999f {published data only}
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Painter 2000a {published data only}
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- Painter P. End‐stage renal disease. In: Egrman JK, Gordon PM, Visich PS, Keteyian SJ editor(s). Clinical exercise physiology. 2nd Edition. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2009:265‐77.
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Sakkas 2003a {published data only}
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