Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow: diagnostic value in diffuse hematologic disorders

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has value in characterizing normal and abnormal bone marrow because of its ability to distinguish fat from other tissues. Due to this advantage, hematologic disorders resulting in alterations of the normal cellular and fatty marrow distribution can be appreciated. In this article, the role of MRI in diffuse hematologic disorders is emphasized. At birth, almost all marrow is cellular, but by age 25, cellular marrow is restricted to the axial skeleton and proximal femoral and humeral metaphysis. The remainder is fatty, consisting of 80% fat, 15% water, and 5% protein. With increased need for hematopoiesis, reconversion from fatty to cellular marrow occurs in many diffuse disease states. Diffuse diseases that affect bone marrow production are divided into four categories representing conditions that affect the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. These include stem cell failure resulting in aplastic anemia, uncontrolled stem cell proliferation as exemplified by polycythemia vera, stem cell dysplasia such as sickle cell anemia, and malignant transformations or replacement. The MRI appearance of these disorders is discussed in this article. The use of spin-echo (SE) sequences is the most common approach to bone marrow imaging. With T1-weighted SE images, fatty marrow will appear bright and cellular marrow, with lower fat content, will exhibit a lower density signal. With T2-weighted SE pulse sequences, contrast between fatty marrow and cellular marrow decreases. Contrast between fatty and cellular marrow is enhanced with chemical shift imaging, including Dixon out-of-phase imaging, as emphasized in this article. MRI presents a more global view of the bone marrow than biopsy material and should provide a better understanding of diffuse hematologic disease progression and resolution.