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Review
. 2012:2012:941868.
doi: 10.1155/2012/941868. Epub 2011 Oct 11.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in diabetic patients

Saeid Golbidi  1 , Mohammad Badran, Ismail Laher
Affiliations
Review

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in diabetic patients

Saeid Golbidi et al. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012.

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which is characterized by absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. The key roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of vascular complications of this disease are well recognized. Accumulating epidemiologic evidence confirms that physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for insulin resistance and type II diabetes. This paper briefly reviews the pathophysiological pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes mellitus and then discusses the impact of exercise on these systems. In this regard, we discuss exercise induced activation of cellular antioxidant systems through "nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor." We also discuss anti-inflammatory myokines, which are produced and released by contracting muscle fibers. Antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and chaperon effects of exercise-induced heat shock proteins are also reviewed.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mitochondrial ROS overproduction accelerates four hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage pathways. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glutamate (glu), glutamine (gln), glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GAFT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GLcNAc).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Exercise-induced ROS activates Nrf2, which then translocates into the nucleus to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant response element (ARE), carbon monoxide (CO), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione S-transferase (GST), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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