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. 2011:2011:619583.
doi: 10.4061/2011/619583. Epub 2011 Oct 5.

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Nuclear Reprogramming

Dilip Dey  1 , Gregory R D Evans
Affiliations

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Nuclear Reprogramming

Dilip Dey et al. Stem Cells Int. 2011.

Abstract

During embryonic development pluripotency is progressively lost irreversibly by cell division, differentiation, migration and organ formation. Terminally differentiated cells do not generate other kinds of cells. Pluripotent stem cells are a great source of varying cell types that are used for tissue regeneration or repair of damaged tissue. The pluripotent stem cells can be derived from inner cell mass of blastocyte but its application is limited due to ethical concerns. The recent discovery of iPS with defined reprogramming factors has initiated a flurry of works on stem cell in various laboratories. The pluripotent cells can be derived from various differentiated adult cells as well as from adult stem cells by nuclear reprogramming, somatic cell nuclear transfer etc. In this review article, different aspects of nuclear reprogramming are discussed.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A simplified version of reprogramming of adult cells to pluripotent cells by 4 factors. (a) Any adult source of cells like epithelial, muscle, fibroblast, and adipose cells is isolated and cultured in appropriate medium. Then cells are transfected, nucleofected, or transduced by 4 reprogramming factors. These factors may be Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, and Klf4/c-Myc. The reprogramming paths are not well understood yet, requiring expression of several genes as well as epigenetic modification of the genome. (b) Reprogramming factors (transcription factor genes) can be delivered by various methods. In case of viral gene delivery, genes are integrated with the host chromosome randomly. Methods of gene deliveries like plasmids, mRNAs, proteins, genes are expressed transiently and diminished the expression with the concomitant increase in expression of pluripotent markers.
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