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. 2012 May;82(3):522-8.
doi: 10.2319/071311-448.1. Epub 2011 Oct 19.

Surface changes of anodic oxidized orthodontic titanium miniscrew

Sung-Hwan Choi  1 , Jung-Yul Cha, Uk-Hyon Joo, Chung-Ju Hwang
Affiliations

Surface changes of anodic oxidized orthodontic titanium miniscrew

Sung-Hwan Choi et al. Angle Orthod. 2012 May.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the structural stability of anodic oxidation treatment of miniscrews during a self-drilling procedure and an initial loading period.

Materials and methods: Eight orthodontic miniscrews with a machined surface and an anodic oxidized surface were placed in the mandible of two beagle dogs. With all miniscrews, an orthodontic force was applied immediately after placement and was continued for 12 weeks. After beagle dogs were sacrificed, the miniscrews were carefully removed from decalcified bone fragments. Miniscrews were evaluated by comparing and quantitatively analyzing changes in surface roughness of unused and used miniscrews (machined surface vs anodic oxidized surface) utilizing both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Results: SEM revealed that only a thread edge close to the tip of the used anodic oxidized miniscrew became smooth by smearing, compared with the unused anodic oxidized miniscrew. No definite changes were observed in the thread valleys of the two groups after placement. AFM measurements demonstrated that all surface roughness parameters of thread edges of the used anodic oxidized miniscrews were significantly reduced compared with the unused anodic oxidized miniscrew (P < .05). A middle thread edge of the used anodic miniscrew surface was rougher than the unused and used machined surface miniscrews (P < .05).

Conclusion: Anodic oxidized miniscrews had improved surface characteristics compared with machined surface miniscrews, even if the surface texture was changed by the self-drilling procedure and during the initial loading period.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Images of tested miniscrews. (A) Machined surface miniscrew (left) and anodic oxidized miniscrew (right). (B) Implantation sites.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Atomic force microscope.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanned images of machined surface miniscrews (A through D) and anodic oxidized miniscrews (E through H). (A) Unused miniscrew, ×50. (B) Used miniscrew, ×50. (C) Unused miniscrew, ×1000. (D) Used miniscrew, ×1000. (E) Unused miniscrew, ×50. (F) Used miniscrew, ×50. (G) Unused miniscrew, ×1000. (H) Used miniscrew, ×1000.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scanned images of the used machined surface miniscrew (A through D) and the used anodic oxidized miniscrew (E through H). (A) Used miniscrew, ×35. (B) A thread edge close to the head, ×1000. (C) A middle thread edge, ×1000. (D) A thread edge close to the tip, ×1000. (E) Used miniscrew, ×35. (F) A thread edge close to the head, ×1000. (G) A middle thread edge, ×1000. (H) A thread edge close to the tip, ×1000.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representative three-dimensional modified AFM images of the miniscrews. (A) A thread valley of the unused machined surface miniscrew. (B) A middle thread edge of the unused machined surface miniscrew. (C) A middle thread edge of the used machined surface miniscrew. (D) A thread valley of the unused anodic oxidized surface miniscrew. (E) A middle thread edge of the unused anodic oxidized miniscrew. (F) A middle thread edge of the used anodic oxidized miniscrew (A, D: 10 µm × 10 µm; B, C, E, F: 5 µm × 5 µm).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Box plots representing the root mean square (nm) values of a middle thread edge of unused and used miniscrews (*P < .05).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Representative three-dimensional modified AFM images of the anodic oxidized miniscrews. (A) A thread edge close to the head of the unused miniscrew. (B) A thread edge close to the head of the used miniscrew. (C) A middle thread edge of the unused miniscrew. (D) A middle thread edge of the used miniscrew. (E) A thread edge close to the tip of the unused miniscrew. (F) A thread edge close to the tip of the used miniscrew (5 µm × 5 µm).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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