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Review
. 2011 Nov;60(11):2672-82.
doi: 10.2337/db11-0654.

Artificial pancreas: past, present, future

Claudio Cobelli  1 , Eric Renard, Boris Kovatchev
Affiliations
Review

Artificial pancreas: past, present, future

Claudio Cobelli et al. Diabetes. 2011 Nov.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
The Biostator (courtesy of William Clarke, University of Virginia).
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Key milestones in the timeline of AP progress. EU, Europe; IP, intraperitoneal; NIH, National Institutes of Health; SC, subcutaneous.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Block diagram of closed-loop glucose control. Three major delays are indicated: insulin absorption (regular and ultrafast insulin), insulin action on peripheral tissues and on the liver, and sensing in the interstitium.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.
A: The concept of MPC. At each step, future glucose levels are predicted and insulin delivery strategy is mapped several steps ahead. Then, the first insulin delivery step is implemented, and the situation is reassessed with new glucose data. The process is very similar to a chess game in which several moves are planned ahead, and after the implementation of the first move the position is reassessed given the response of the opponent. B: The critical stage of the famous chess game between Leonid Stein (white) and Lajos Portisch (black), Stockholm, 1962 (courtesy of Leon Fahri, University of Virginia).
FIG. 5.
FIG. 5.
Principal component of the type 1 diabetes simulator: a model of the glucose-insulin system, a model of the sensor, a model of the insulin pump and subcutaneous insulin kinetics, and the controller to be tested.
FIG. 6.
FIG. 6.
Modular architecture for sequential AP development.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Mirouze J, Selam JL, Pham TC, Cavadore D. Evaluation of exogenous insulin homoeostasis by the artificial pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetologia 1977;13:273–278 - PubMed
    1. Kraegen EW, Campbell LV, Chia YO, Meler H, Lazarus L. Control of blood glucose in diabetics using an artificial pancreas. Aust N Z J Med 1977;7:280–286 - PubMed

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