Affective reactivity during smoking cessation of never-quitters as compared with that of abstainers, relapsers, and continuing smokers

Abstract

Much effort has been devoted to examining the differences in postcessation affective experience between smoking abstainers and relapsers. However, little attention has been given to the affective changes of smokers who, despite their motivation to quit, fail to achieve even a brief period of abstinence. Using affect-modulated startle response and self-report questionnaires, we measured the postcessation affective changes of 115 smokers (60 men, 55 women) who participated in a laboratory investigation of affective reactivity during smoking cessation. Among our participants, 34 were abstainers (16 men, 18 women), 16 were never-quitters (8 men, 8 women), 19 were relapsers (8 men, 11 women), and 46 were controls (28 men, 18 women). We found a significant Stimulus Valence × Session × Group interaction effect on startle responses, which suggested that while abstainers, relapsers, and control exhibited the prototypical affect-modulated startle response across postcessation sessions, never-quitters displayed an atypical response pattern in which emotional pictures no longer modulated the startle response. Never-quitters also reported increasingly higher negative and lower positive affect across postcessation sessions. Using affect-modulated startle response and self-report questionnaires, this study found a significant difference in the affective reactivity between smokers who could and smokers who could not establish an initial abstinence of 24 hours.

Figure 1

Affect-modulated startle response (T score) across precessation and postcessation sessions. Session 1 = 4 or 5 days precessation, session 2 = 1–2 days postcessation, session 3 = 3–5 days postcessation, and session 4 = 10–14 days postcessation.

Figure 2

Affect-modulated startle response (T score) for a) never-quitters, b) abstainers, c) relapsers, and d) controls, across precessation and postcessation sessions. Session 1 = 4 or 5 days precessation, session 2 = 1–2 days postcessation, session 3 = 3–5 days postcessation, and session 4 = 10–14 days postcessation.

Figure 3

Self-reported negative affect as measured by PANAS negative subscale for controls, abstainers, relapsers, and never-quitters, across precessation and postcessation sessions. Session 1 = 4 or 5 days precessation, session 2 = 1–2 days postcessation, session 3 = 3–5 days postcessation, and session 4 = 10–14 days postcessation.

Figure 4

Self-reported positive affect as measured by PANAS positive subscale for controls, abstainers, relapsers, and never-quitters, across precessation and postcessation sessions. Session 1 = 4 or 5 days precessation, session 2 = 1–2 days postcessation, session 3 = 3–5 days postcessation, and session 4 = 10–14 days postcessation.

Figure 5

Self-reported anxiety symptoms as measured by WSWS anxiety subscale for controls, abstainers, relapsers, and never-quitters, across precessation and postcessation sessions. Session 1 = 4 or 5 days precessation, session 2 = 1–2 days postcessation, session 3 = 3–5 days postcessation, and session 4 = 10–14 days postcessation.