Amygdalar, hippocampal, and thalamic volumes in youth at high risk for development of bipolar disorder

Abstract

Children of parents with bipolar disorder (BD), especially those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and symptoms of depression or mania, are at significantly high risk for developing BD. As we have previously shown amygdalar reductions in pediatric BD, the current study examined amygdalar volumes in offspring of parents (BD offspring) who have not yet developed a full manic episode. Youth participating in the study included 22 BD offspring and 22 healthy controls of comparable age, gender, handedness, and IQ. Subjects had no history of a manic episode, but met criteria for ADHD and moderate mood symptoms. MRI was performed on a 3T GE scanner, using a 3D volumetric spoiled gradient echo series. Amygdalae were manually traced using BrainImage Java software on positionally normalized brain stacks. Bipolar offspring had similar amygdalar volumes compared to the control group. Exploratory analyses yielded no differences in hippocampal or thalamic volumes. Bipolar offspring do not show decreased amygdalar volume, possibly because these abnormalities occur after more prolonged illness rather than as a preexisting risk factor. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether amygdalar volumes change during and after the development of BD.

Figure 1

Outline of the left and right amygdalae on the positionally normalized brain stack in coronal orientation. The most superior white matter tract extending from the temporal lobe marked the inferior border, CSF marked the medial border, endorhinal sulcus marked the superior border, and a thick, central white matter tract of the temporal lobe was used as the lateral border of amygdala.

Figure 2

Amygdala volumes in high-risk bipolar offspring (n=22) and healthy controls (n=22).