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Meta-Analysis
. 2011 Nov 9;2011(11):CD004963.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3.

Exercise for improving balance in older people

Tracey E Howe  1 , Lynn Rochester, Fiona Neil, Dawn A Skelton, Claire Ballinger
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exercise for improving balance in older people

Tracey E Howe et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: In older adults, diminished balance is associated with reduced physical functioning and an increased risk of falling. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2007.

Objectives: To examine the effects of exercise interventions on balance in older people, aged 60 and over, living in the community or in institutional care.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 1), MEDLINE and EMBASE (to February 2011).

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled studies testing the effects of exercise interventions on balance in older people. The primary outcomes of the review were clinical measures of balance.

Data collection and analysis: Pairs of review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data from studies. Data were pooled where appropriate.

Main results: This update included 94 studies (62 new) with 9,917 participants. Most participants were women living in their own home.Most trials were judged at unclear risk of selection bias, generally reflecting inadequate reporting of the randomisation methods, but at high risk of performance bias relating to lack of participant blinding, which is largely unavoidable for these trials. Most studies only reported outcome up to the end of the exercise programme.There were eight categories of exercise programmes. These are listed below together with primary measures of balance for which there was some evidence of a statistically significant effect at the end of the exercise programme. Some trials tested more than one type of exercise. Crucially, the evidence for each outcome was generally from only a few of the trials for each exercise category. 1. Gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks (19 studies of which 10 provided primary outcome data): Timed Up & Go test (mean difference (MD) -0.82 s; 95% CI -1.56 to -0.08 s, 114 participants, 4 studies); walking speed (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.43; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.75, 156 participants, 4 studies), and the Berg Balance Scale (MD 3.48 points; 95% CI 2.01 to 4.95 points, 145 participants, 4 studies).2. Strengthening exercise (including resistance or power training) (21 studies of which 11 provided primary outcome data): Timed Up & Go Test (MD -4.30 s; 95% CI -7.60 to -1.00 s, 71 participants, 3 studies); standing on one leg for as long as possible with eyes closed (MD 1.64 s; 95% CI 0.97 to 2.31 s, 120 participants, 3 studies); and walking speed (SMD 0.25; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.46, 375 participants, 8 studies).3. 3D (3 dimensional) exercise (including Tai Chi, qi gong, dance, yoga) (15 studies of which seven provided primary outcome data): Timed Up & Go Test (MD -1.30 s; 95% CI -2.40 to -0.20 s, 44 participants, 1 study); standing on one leg for as long as possible with eyes open (MD 9.60 s; 95% CI 6.64 to 12.56 s, 47 participants, 1 study), and with eyes closed (MD 2.21 s; 95% CI 0.69 to 3.73 s, 48 participants, 1 study); and the Berg Balance Scale (MD 1.06 points; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.76 points, 150 participants, 2 studies).4. General physical activity (walking) (seven studies of which five provided primary outcome data). 5. General physical activity (cycling) (one study which provided data for walking speed). 6. Computerised balance training using visual feedback (two studies, neither of which provided primary outcome data). 7. Vibration platform used as intervention (three studies of which one provided primary outcome data).8. Multiple exercise types (combinations of the above) (43 studies of which 29 provided data for one or more primary outcomes): Timed Up & Go Test (MD -1.63 s; 95% CI -2.28 to -0.98 s, 635 participants, 12 studies); standing on one leg for as long as possible with eyes open (MD 5.03 s; 95% CI 1.19 to 8.87 s, 545 participants, 9 studies), and with eyes closed ((MD 1.60 s; 95% CI -0.01 to 3.20 s, 176 participants, 2 studies); walking speed (SMD 0.04; 95% CI -0.10 to 0.17, 818 participants, 15 studies); and the Berg Balance Scale ((MD 1.84 points; 95% CI 0.71 to 2.97 points, 80 participants, 2 studies).Few adverse events were reported but most studies did not monitor or report adverse events.In general, the more effective programmes ran three times a week for three months and involved dynamic exercise in standing.

Authors' conclusions: There is weak evidence that some types of exercise (gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks; strengthening exercise; 3D exercise and multiple exercise types) are moderately effective, immediately post intervention, in improving clinical balance outcomes in older people. Such interventions are probably safe. There is either no or insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions for general physical activity (walking or cycling) and exercise involving computerised balance programmes or vibration plates. Further high methodological quality research using core outcome measures and adequate surveillance is required.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dawn Skelton is the principal investigator on two studies considered within the review. She is also a Director of Later Life Training Ltd, an educational not for profit training company that delivers exercise delivery training to health and leisure professionals (accredited by Skills Active, the Register of Exercise Professionals and has endorsed training status from the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy). The training courses include two programmes of exercise that have been shown to reduce falls.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
A summary table of review authors' judgements for each risk of bias item for each study.
3
3
A plot of the distribution of review authors' judgements across studies for each risk of bias item.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 3 Sensitivity analysis (cluster RCT removed): Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 4 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 5 Gait speed: higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 6 Berg Balance Scale (score out of 56) higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 7 Functional Reach Test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 8 Figure of eight test: time over 10 metres (s): lower values indicates better balance.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 9 Walking on a beam (m): higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 10 4 Test Balance Scale: lower score indicates better balance.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 11 Mediolateral stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 12 AP stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance ability.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 13 Maxium excursion of limits of stability (LOS) test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 14 Functional base of support during dynamic test (distance): higher values indicate greater balance ability.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 15 SOT composite score: higher scores indicate better balance.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 16 Loss of balance during sensory organisation test (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control, Outcome 17 Physical performance score: higher score indicates better balance.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 3 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 4 Gait speed: higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 5 Gait speed (fastest pace): higher values indicate better balance.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 6 Berg Balance Scale (score out of 56) higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 7 Functional reach test (FRT) (cm): higher values indicate better balance.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 8 6m backward walk (s) lower value indicates better balance.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 9 Figure of eight running time over 10 metres (s): lower values indicates better balance.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 10 Tandem walk over 10 feet (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 11 Tandem stance (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 12 Balance beam: post‐pre change scores (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 13 Tilt board (s) post‐pre change scores: higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 14 Functional base of support during dynamic test (distance): higher values indicate better balance ability.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 15 Sway (mm) during dynamic test: lower values indicate better balance ability.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 16 Loss of balance during sensory organisation test (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 17 Co‐ordinated stability (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strengthening exercise versus control, Outcome 18 Maximal balance range (cm) during dynamic test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 3 Single leg stance time eyes open (s) change score: higher value indicates better balance.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 4 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 5 Gait speed: higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 6 Berg Balance Scale (score out of 56) higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 7 Functional Reach Test change scores (cm): higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 8 Omnidirectional tilt board post‐pre change scores (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 9 AP stability during stance on a mat eyes open (mm) lower values indicate better balance.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 10 Reaction time (ms) low values indicate better balance.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 11 Physical performance score: higher score indicates better balance.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 12 Narrow balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 13 Wide balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 14 A‐P displacement during obstacle course (cm): higher scores indicate better balance.
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 15 Leaning balance (mm) higher values indicate better balance.
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 16 SOT: higher values indicate better balance.
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 17 M‐L displacement during obstacle course (cm): higher scores indicate better balance.
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 18 Base of support (cm2) higher values indicate better balance.
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 19 Angular radius narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
3.20
3.20. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 20 AP stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance ability.
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 21 Mediolateral stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance.
3.22
3.22. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 22 AP stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
3.23
3.23. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 23 Mediolateral stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
3.24
3.24. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 24 Area during narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
3.25
3.25. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 25 Area during narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
3.26
3.26. Analysis
Comparison 3 3D (Tai Chi, Gi Gong, dance, yoga) versus control, Outcome 26 Angular radius narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): Higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 3 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 4 Self paced gait velocity: higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 5 Functional Reach Test (cm): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 6 Tandem stance (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 7 Tandem walk over 10 feet (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 8 Narrow balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 9 Wide balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 10 AP tilt board post‐pre change score (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 11 Area during narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 12 Omnidirectional tilt board post‐pre change scores (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 13 Angular radius narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 14 Stability score during static test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 15 Area during narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 16 Dynamic balance lateral axis (degrees): higher values indicate better balance ability.
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4 General physical activity (walking) versus control, Outcome 17 Angular radius narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 1 Self paced gait velocity post‐pre change scores (m/min): higher values indicate better balance ability.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 2 Narrow balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 3 Wide balance beam post‐pre change scores (m/s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 4 Angular radius narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 5 AP tilt board post‐pre change score (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 6 Omnidirectional tilt board post‐pre change scores (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 7 Angular radius narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm): lower values indicate better balance.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 8 Area narrow stance eyes closed post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 General physical activity (cycling) versus control, Outcome 9 Area during narrow stance eyes open post‐pre change scores (mm2/s): lower values indicate better balance.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Computerized balance versus control, Outcome 1 AP stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance ability.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Computerized balance versus control, Outcome 2 Mediolateral stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Computerized balance versus control, Outcome 3 AP stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Computerized balance versus control, Outcome 4 Mediolateral stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 2 Functional reach test (% change): higher values indicates better balance.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 3 Directional control (% change): higher values indicate better balance.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 4 Maxium excursion of limits of stability (LOS) test:(% change) higher values indicate better balance ability.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 5 Movement velocity (% change): higher values indicate better balance.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 6 Endpoint excursion (% change): higher values indicate better balance.
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 7 Reaction Time (% change): lower values indicate better balance.
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7 Vibration versus control, Outcome 8 Equilibrium scores (%) of the SOT test: higher values indicate better balance.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s) change score: higher value indicates better balance.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 3 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 4 Sensitivity analysis (cluster RCT removed) Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 5 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 6 Gait speed: higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 7 Gait speed (change score) higher values indicate better balance.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 8 Gait speed (fastest pace): higher values indicate better balance.
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 9 Berg Balance Scale (score out of 56) higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 10 Berg Balance Scale (change score) higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 11 Functional Reach Test (cm): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.12
8.12. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 12 Functional Reach Test (FRT) (cm) pre‐post change scores: lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.13
8.13. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 13 Tandem walk (s): lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.14
8.14. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 14 Tandem stance time (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.15
8.15. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 15 Tandem walk (number of steps): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.16
8.16. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 16 Semitandem stance time (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.17
8.17. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 17 Figure of eight time (s): lower values indicates better balance.
8.18
8.18. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 18 Balance beam: post‐pre change scores (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.19
8.19. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 19 Equilibrium scores (%) of the SOT test: higher values indicate better balance.
8.20
8.20. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 20 Maximal balance range (cm) during dynamic test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.21
8.21. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 21 Total distance travelled by COP during quiet stance (mm): lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.22
8.22. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 22 Dynamic Balance score: lower values indicate better balance.
8.23
8.23. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 23 Sway (mm) during dynamic test: lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.24
8.24. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 24 Static Balance Index: higher values indicate better balance.
8.25
8.25. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 25 Postural sway double stance (post‐pre change scores): lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.26
8.26. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 26 Parallel stance time (s): higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.27
8.27. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 27 AP stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.28
8.28. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 28 Mediolateral stability during quiet stance eyes closed: lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.29
8.29. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 29 Functional base of support (distance) during dynamic test: higher values indicate better balance ability.
8.30
8.30. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 30 Mediolateral stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance.
8.31
8.31. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 31 Loss of balance during sensory organisation test (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability.
8.32
8.32. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 32 Body sway (cm): lower values indicate better balance ability.
8.33
8.33. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 33 Co‐ordinated stability (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability.
8.34
8.34. Analysis
Comparison 8 Multiple exercise types versus control, Outcome 34 AP stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance ability.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Arai 2007 {published data only}
    1. Arai T, Obuci S, Inaba Y, Nagasawa H, Shiba Y, Watanabe S, et al. The effects of short‐term exercise intervention on falls self‐efficacy and the relationship between changes in physical function and falls self‐efficacy in Japanese older people: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007;86(2):133‐41. - PubMed
Avelar 2010 {published data only}
    1. Avelar NC, Bastone AC, Alcantara MA, Gomes WF. Effectiveness of aquatic and non‐aquatic lower limb muscle endurance training in the static and dynamic balance of elderly people. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia 2010;14(3):229‐36. - PubMed
Baker 2007 {published data only}
    1. Baker MK, Kennedy DJ, Bohle PL, Campbell DS, Knapman L, Grady J, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri‐modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(1):1‐10. - PubMed
Baum 2003 {published data only}
    1. Baum EE, Jarjoura D, Polen AE, Faur D, Rutecki G. Effectiveness of a group exercise program in a long‐term care facility: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2003;4(2):74‐80. - PubMed
Beling 2009 {published data only}
    1. Beling J, Roller M. Multifactorial intervention with balance training as a core component among fall‐prone older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2009;32(3):125‐33. - PubMed
Beyer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bulow J, Lorenzen T, Jensen DV, Larsen L, et al. Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging‐Clinical & Experimental Research 2007;19(4):300‐9. - PubMed
Bogaerts 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bogaerts A, Verschueren S, Delecluse C, Claessens AL, Boonen S. Effects of whole body vibration training on postural control in older individuals: A 1 year randomized controlled trial. Gait and Posture 2007;26(2):309‐16. - PubMed
Boshuizen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Boshuizen HC, Stemmerik L, Westhoff MH, Hopman‐Rock M. The effects of physical therapists' guidance on improvement in a strength‐training program for the frail elderly. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2005;13(1):5‐22. - PubMed
Brouwer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Brouwer BJ, Walker C, Rydahl SJ, Culham EG. Reducing fear of falling in seniors through education and activity programs: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(6):829‐34. - PubMed
Buchner 1997a {published data only}
    1. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Lateur BJ, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, Price R, et al. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community‐living older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52A(4):M218‐24. - PubMed
Buchner 1997b {published data only}
    1. Buchner DM, Cress ME, Lateur BJ, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, Price R, et al. A comparison of the effects of three types of endurance training on balance and other fall risk factors in older adults. Aging‐Clinical & Experimental Research 1997;9(1‐2):112‐9. - PubMed
Campbell 1997 {published data only}
    1. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Tilyard MW, Buchner DM. Randomised controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly women. BMJ 1997;315(7115):1065‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Carvalho 2009 {published data only}
    1. Carvalho MJ, Marques E, Mota J. Training and detraining effects on functional fitness after a multicomponent training in older women. Gerontology 2009;55(1):41‐8. - PubMed
Chandler 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Kochersberger G, Studenski S. Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community‐dwelling elders?. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1998;79(1):24‐30. - PubMed
Chang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chang SJ, Mercer VS, Giuliani CA, Morey MC, Sloane C, Williams S. Hip abductor exercise and lateral stability in older adults at risk of falls... Combined Sections Meeting 2008: section on geriatrics poster and platform presentations. February 6‐9, 2008, Nashville, TN. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2007;30(3):146‐7.
Cheung 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cheung W‐H, Mok H‐W, Qin L, Sze P‐C, Lee K‐M, Leung K‐S. High‐frequency whole‐body vibration improves balancing ability in elderly women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;88(7):852‐7. - PubMed
Chulvi‐Medrano 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chulvi‐Medrano I, Colado JC, Pablos C, Naclerio F, Garcia‐Masso X. A lower‐limb training program to improve balance in healthy elderly women using the T‐bow device. Physician & Sportsmedicine 2009;37(2):127‐35. - PubMed
Clemson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Clemson L, Singh MF, Bundy A, Cumming RG, Weissel E, Munro J, et al. LiFE Pilot Study: a randomised trial of balance and strength training embedded in daily life activity to reduce falls in older adults. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 2010;57(1):42‐50. - PubMed
Cress 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, Lateur BJ, Schwartz RS. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1999;54A(5):M242‐8. - PubMed
Crilly 1989 {published data only}
    1. Crilly RG, Willems DA, Trenholm KJ, Hayes KC, Delaquerriere‐Richardson LF. Effect of exercise on postural sway in the elderly. Gerontology 1989;35(2‐3):137‐43. - PubMed
de Greef 2006 {published data only}
    1. Greef MH, WeeningDijksterhuis B, Buren M, Hardeman F, Slutter K. The effect of a physiotherapeutic exercise programme on disability in older adults. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie 2006;116(5):106‐10.
Eyigor 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eyigor S, Karapolat H, Durmaz B, Ibisoglu U, Cakir S. A randomized controlled trial of Turkish folklore dance on the physical performance, balance, depression and quality of life in older women. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2009;48(1):84‐8. - PubMed
Faber 2006 {published data only}
    1. Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, Chin A Paw MJ, Wieringen PC. Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre‐frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87(7):885‐96. - PubMed
Frye 2007 {published data only}
    1. Frye B, Scheinthal S, Kemarskaya T, Pruchno R. Tai chi and low impact exercise: Effects on the physical functioning and psychological well‐being of older people. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2007;26(5):433‐53.
Furness 2009 {published data only}
    1. Furness TP, Maschette WE. Influence of whole body vibration platform frequency on neuromuscular performance of community‐dwelling older adults. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009;23(5):1508‐13. - PubMed
Gaub 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gaub M, Prost E, Bomar M, Farid R, Langland G, Brown M. Exercise specificity for physical frailty [abstract]. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2003;26(3):36.
Gine‐Garriga 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gine‐Garriga M, Guerra M, Pages E, Manini TM, Jimenez R, Unnithan VB. The effect of functional circuit training on physical frailty in frail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2010;18(4):401‐24. - PubMed
Granacher 2009 {published data only}
    1. Granacher U, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Resistance training and neuromuscular performance in seniors. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2009;30(9):652‐7. - PubMed
Hall 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hall CD, Miszko T, Wolf SL. Effects of Tai Chi intervention on dual‐task ability in older adults: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(3):525‐9. - PubMed
Hara 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hara T, Shimada T. Effects of exercise on the improvement of the physical functions of the elderly. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2007;19(1):15‐26.
Hatzitaki 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hatzitaki V, Amiridis IG, Nikodelis T, Spiliopoulou S. Direction‐induced effects of visually guided weight‐shifting training on standing balance in the elderly. Gerontology 2009;55(2):145‐52. - PubMed
    1. Hatzitaki V, Voudouris D, Nikodelis T, Amiridis IG. Visual feedback training improves postural adjustments associated with moving obstacle avoidance in elderly women. Gait & posture 2009;29(2):296‐9. - PubMed
Henwood 2006 {published data only}
    1. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short‐term resistance training and the older adult: The effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2006;26(5):305‐13. - PubMed
Islam 2004 {published data only}
    1. Islam MM, Nasu E, Rogers ME, Koizumi D, Rogers NL, Takeshima N. Effects of combined sensory and muscular training on balance in Japanese older adults. Preventative Medicine 2004;39(6):1148‐55. - PubMed
Iwamoto 2009 {published data only}
    1. Iwamoto J, Suzuki H, Tanaka K, Kumakubo T, Hirabayashi H, Miyazaki Y, et al. Preventative effect of exercise against falls in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(7):1233‐40. - PubMed
Jessup 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jessup JV, Horne C, Vishen RK, Wheeler D. Effects of exercise on bone density, balance, and self‐efficacy in older women. Biological Research for Nursing 2003;4(3):171‐80. - PubMed
Johansson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Johansson G, Jarnlo G. Balance training in 70‐year‐old women. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1991;7(2):121‐5.
Kamide 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kamide N, Shiba Y, Shibata H. Effects on balance, falls, and bone mineral density of a home‐based exercise program without home visits in community‐dwelling elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2009;28(3):115‐22. - PubMed
Karinkanta 2007 {published data only}
    1. Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi‐Rasi K, Fogelholm M, Kannus P. Maintenance of exercise‐induced benefits in physical functioning and bone among elderly women. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(4):665‐74. - PubMed
    1. Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi‐Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, et al. A multi‐component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home‐dwelling elderly women: Randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(4):453‐62. - PubMed
Kim 2009a {published data only}
    1. Kim H‐D. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on the center of pressure trace during obstacle crossing in older adults who are at a risk of falling. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2009;21(1):49‐54.
Krebs 1998 {published data only}
    1. Krebs DE, Jette AM, Assmann SF. Moderate exercise improves gait stability in disabled elders. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1998;79(12):1489‐95. - PubMed
Latham 2003 {published data only}
    1. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett DA, Moseley A, Cameron ID. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):291‐9. - PubMed
Lin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lin M‐R, Wolf SL, Hwang H‐F, Gong S‐Y, Chen C‐Y. A randomized, controlled trial of fall prevention programs and quality of life in older fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(4):499‐506. - PubMed
Liu‐Ambrose 2008 {published data only}
    1. Liu‐Ambrose T, Donaldson MG, Ahamed Y, Graf P, Cook WL, Close J, et al. Otago home‐based strength and balance retraining improves executive functioning in older fallers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(10):1821‐30. - PubMed
Logghe 2009 {published data only}
    1. Logghe IH, Zeeuwe PE, Verhagen AP, Wijnen‐Sponselee RM, Willemsen SP, Bierma‐Zeinstra SM, et al. Lack of effect of Tai Chi Chuan in preventing falls in elderly people living at home: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(1):70‐5. - PubMed
Lord 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lord S, Ward J, Williams P, Zivanovic E. The effects of a community exercise program on fracture risk factors in older women. Osteoporosis International 1996;6(5):361‐7. - PubMed
    1. Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Strudwick M. The effect of a 12‐month exercise trial on balance, strength, and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(11):1198‐206. - PubMed
    1. Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P. Exercise effect of dynamic stability in older women: a randomized controlled trial.. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;77(3):232‐236. - PubMed
Lord 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Castell S, Corcoran J, Dayhew J, Matters B, Shan A, et al. The effect of group exercise on physical functioning and falls in frail older people living in retirement villages: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1685‐92. - PubMed
Lord 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Tiedemann A, Chapman K, Munro B, Murray SM, Sherrington C. The effect of an individualized fall prevention program on fall risk and falls in older people: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(8):1296‐304. - PubMed
MacRae 1994 {published data only}
    1. MacRae PG, Feltner ME, Reinsch S. A 1‐year exercise program for older women: Effects on falls, injuries, and physical performance. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 1994;2(2):127‐145.
McGarry 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. McGarry ST, McGuire SK, Magee TM, Bethard HK, FlomMeland CK. The effects of "The Get Off Your Rocker" exercise class on balance. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2001;24(3):21‐5.
McMurdo 1993 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Rennie L. A controlled trial of exercise by residents of old people's homes. Age & Ageing 1993;22(1):11‐5. - PubMed
Morris 1999 {published data only}
    1. Morris JN, Fiatarone M, Kiely DK, Belleville Taylor P, Murphy K, et al. Nursing rehabilitation and exercise strategies in the nursing home. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1999;54(10):M494‐500. - PubMed
Nelson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Nelson ME, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, Nuernberger A, Castaneda C, Kaliton D, et al. The effects of multidimensional home‐based exercise on functional performance in elderly people. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2004;59(2):154‐60. - PubMed
Okumiya 1996 {published data only}
    1. Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, Kimura S, Doi Y, Ozawa T. Effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in community‐dwelling older people more than 75 years of age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):569‐72. - PubMed
Paillard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Paillard T, Lafont C, Costes‐Salon M, Rivière D, Dupui P. Effects of brisk walking on static and dynamic balance, locomotion, body composition, and aerobic capacity in ageing healthy active men. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2004;25(7):539‐546. - PubMed
Park 2008 {published data only}
    1. Park H, Kim KJ, Komatsu T, Park SK, Mutoh Y. Effect of combined exercise training on bone, body balance, and gait ability: a randomized controlled study in community‐dwelling elderly women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Metabolism 2008;26(3):254‐9. - PubMed
Ramirez Villada 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ramirez Villada JF, Silva ME, Lancho Alonso JL. Influence of a training programme with jumps on explosive force, speed of movement and dynamic balance in the elderly [Influencia de un programa de entrenamiento con saltos en la fuerza explosiva, la velocidad de movimiento y el equilibrio dinamico de personas mayores]. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia 2007;42(4):218‐26.
Ramsbottom 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ramsbottom R, Ambler A, Potter J, Jordan B, Nevill A, Williams C. The effect of 6 months training on leg power, balance, and functional mobility of independently living adults over 70 years old. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(4):497‐510. - PubMed
Reinsch 1992 {published data only}
    1. Reinsch S, MacRae P, Lachenbruch P, Tobis J. Attempts to prevent falls and injury: a prospective community study. Gerontologist 1992;32(4):450‐6. - PubMed
Rooks 1997a {published data only}
    1. Rooks DS, Kiel DP, Parsons C, Hayes WC. Self‐paced resistance training and walking exercise in community‐dwelling older adults: Effects on neuromotor performance. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52(3):M161‐8. - PubMed
Rosendahl 2006 {published data only}
    1. Littbrand H, Rosendahl E, Lindelöf N, Lundin‐Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Nyberg L. A high‐intensity functional weight‐bearing exercise program for older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities: evaluation of the applicability with focus on cognitive function. Physical Therapy 2006;86(4):489‐98. - PubMed
    1. Rosendahl E, Gustafson Y, Nordin E, Lundin‐Olsson L, Nyberg L. A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high‐intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2008;20(1):67‐75. - PubMed
    1. Rosendahl E, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, Yifter‐Lindgren E, Lundin‐Olsson L, Håglin L, et al. High‐intensity functional exercise program and protein‐enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: A randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2006;52:105–13. - PubMed
Rubenstein 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, et al. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall‐prone elderly men. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2000;55(6):M317‐21. - PubMed
Salminen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Sihvonen S, Sjosten N, Piirtola M, Isoaho R, et al. Effects of risk‐based multifactorial fall prevention on postural balance in the community‐dwelling aged: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2009;48(1):22‐7. - PubMed
Sauvage 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sauvage LR Jr, Myklebust BM, CrowPan J, Novak S, Millington P, Hoffman, et al. A clinical trial of strengthening and aerobic exercise to improve gait and balance in elderly male nursing home residents. American Journal Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1992;71(6):333‐42. - PubMed
Schilling 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schilling BK, Falvo MJ, Karlage RE, Weiss LW, Lohnes CA, Chiu LZ. Effects of unstable surface training on measures of balance in older adults. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009;23(4):1211‐6. - PubMed
Schlicht 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit‐to‐stand performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(5):M281‐6. - PubMed
Schoenfelder 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schoenfelder DP. A fall prevention program for elderly individuals. Exercise in long‐term care settings. Journal of Gerontology Nursing 2000;26(3):43‐51. - PubMed
Schoenfelder 2004 {published data only}
    1. Schoenfelder DP, Rubenstein LM. An exercise program to improve fall‐related outcomes in elderly nursing home residents. Applied Nursing Research 2004;17(1):21‐31. - PubMed
Sherrington 2008a {published data only}
    1. Sherrington C, Pamphlett PI, Jacka JA, Olivetti LM, Nugent JA, Hall JM, et al. Group exercise can improve participants' mobility in an outpatient rehabilitation setting: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(6):493‐502. - PubMed
Shimada 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shimada H, Obuchi S, Furuna T, Suzuki T. New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: the effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill. American Journal Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;83(7):493‐9. - PubMed
Shin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shin KR, Kang Y, Park HJ, Heitkemper M. Effects of exercise program on physical fitness, depression, and self‐efficacy of low‐income elderly women in South Korea. Public Health Nursing 2009;26(6):523‐31. - PubMed
Sihvonen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sihvonen S, Sipila S, Taskinen S, Era P. Fall incidence in frail older women after individualized visual feedback‐based balance training. Gerontology 2004;50(6):411‐6. - PubMed
    1. Sihvonen SE, Sipila S, Era PA. Changes in postural balance in frail elderly women during a 4‐week visual feedback training: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontology 2004;50(2):87‐95. - PubMed
Skelton 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(10):1081‐7. - PubMed
Skelton 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Skelton DA, McLaughlin AW. Training functional ability in old age. Physiotherapy 1996;82(3):159‐67.
Suzuki 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Suzuki T, Kim H, Yoshida H, Ishizaki T. Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Metabolism 2004;22(6):602‐11. - PubMed
Sykes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sykes K, Ling WM. Exercise training and fall‐risk prevention for community‐dwelling elders. American Journal of Recreation Therapy 2004;3(2):36‐42.
Taaffe 1999 {published data only}
    1. Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once‐weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(10):1208‐14. - PubMed
Taylor‐Piliae 2010 {published data only}
    1. Taylor‐Piliae RE, Newell KA, Cherin R, Lee MJ, King AC, Haskell WL. Effects of Tai Chi and Western exercise on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy community‐dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2010;18(3):261‐79. - PMC - PubMed
Topp 1993 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, Holt W Jr, Edwards JE. The effect of a 12‐week dynamic resistance strength training program on gait velocity and balance of older adults. Gerontologist 1993;33(4):501‐6. - PubMed
Toraman 2004 {published data only}
    1. Toraman NF, Erman A, Agyar E. Effects of multicomponent training on functional fitness in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(4):538‐53. - PubMed
Vestergaard 2008 {published data only}
    1. Vestergaard S, Kronborg C, Puggaard L. Home‐based video exercise intervention for community‐dwelling frail older women: a randomized controlled trial. Aging‐Clinical & Experimental Research 2008;20(5):479‐86. - PubMed
Vogler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vogler CM, Sherrington C, Ogle SJ, Lord SR. Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomized controlled trial comparing seated exercises, weight‐bearing exercises, and social visits. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(8):1317‐24. - PubMed
Voukelatos 2007 {published data only}
    1. Voukelatos A, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Rissel C. A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: The central sydney tai chi trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(8):1185‐91. - PubMed
Vrantsidis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vrantsidis F, Hill KD, Moore K, Webb R, Hunt S, Dowson L. Getting Grounded Gracefully: effectiveness and acceptability of Feldenkrais in improving balance. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2009;17(1):57‐76. - PubMed
Wallsten 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wallsten SM, Bintrim K, Denman DW, Parrish JM, Hughes G. The effect of Tai Chi Chuan on confidence and lower extremity strength and balance in residents living independently at a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2006;25(1):82‐95.
Weerdesteyn 2006 {published data only}
    1. Weerdesteyn V, Rijken H, Geurts AC, Smits‐Engelsman BC, Mulder T, Duysens J. A five‐week exercise program can reduce falls and improve obstacle avoidance in the elderly. Gerontology 2006;52(3):131‐41. - PubMed
Westlake 2007 {published data only}
    1. Westlake KP, Culham EG. Sensory‐specific balance training in older adults: Effect on proprioceptive reintegration and cognitive demands. Physical Therapy 2007;87(10):1274‐83. - PubMed
Wolf 1997 {published data only}
    1. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Ellison GL, Coogler CE. The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Physical Therapy 1997;77(4):371‐81. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Kutner NG, Green RC, McNeely E. The Atlanta FICSIT study: Two exercise interventions to reduce frailty in elders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):329‐32. - PubMed
Wolf 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wolf B, Feys H, De W, Meer J, Noom M, Aufdemkampe G, et al. Effect of a physical therapeutic intervention for balance problems in the elderly: a single‐blind, randomized, controlled multicentre trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15(6):624‐36. - PubMed
Wolfson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):498‐506. - PubMed
    1. Wolfson L, Whipple R, Judge J, Amerman P, Derby C, King M. Training balance and strength in the elderly to improve function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):341‐3. - PubMed
Woo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Woo J, Hong A, Lau E, Lynn H. A randomised controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community‐living elderly people. Age and Ageing 2007;36(3):262‐8. - PubMed
Worm 2001 {published data only}
    1. Vad E, Worm C, Lauritsen JM, Poulsen PB, Puggaard L, Stovring H, et al. Physical training as treatment of reduced functional ability in frail 75+ year‐olds living at home. A randomized intervention study in general practice with technological assessment elements [Fysisk traening som behandling af nedsat funktionsevne hos svage, hjemmeboende 75+ ‐arige. Et randomiseret interventionsstudie i almen praksis omfattende elementer til en teknologivurdering]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2002;164(44):5140‐4. - PubMed
    1. Worm CH, Vad E, Puggaard L, Stovring H, Lauritsen J, Kragstrup J. Effects of a multicomponent exercise program on functional ability in community‐dwelling, frail older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2001;9(4):414‐24.
Yang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yang Y, Verkuilen JV, Rosengren KS, Grubisich SA, Reed MR, Hsiao‐Wecksler ET. Effect of combined Taiji and Qigong training on balance mechanisms: A randomized controlled trial of older adults. Medical Science Monitor 2007;13(8):CR339‐48. - PubMed
Yoo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yoo EJ, Jun TW, Hawkins SA. The effects of a walking exercise program on fall‐related fitness, bone metabolism, and fall‐related psychological factors in elderly women. Research in Sports Medicine 2010;18(4):236‐250. - PubMed
Zhang 2006a {published data only}
    1. Zhang JG, Ishikawa‐Takata K, Yamazaki H, Morita T, Ohta T. The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on physiological function and fear of falling in the less robust elderly: An intervention study for preventing falls. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2006;42(2):107‐16. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alexander 2001a {published data only}
    1. Alexander NB, Galecki AT, Grenier ML, Nyquist LV, Hofmeyer MR, Grunawalt JC, et al. Task‐specific resistance training to improve the ability of activities of daily living‐impaired older adults to rise from a bed and from a chair. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(11):1418‐27. - PubMed
Alexander 2001b {published data only}
    1. Alexander NB, Gross MM, Medell JL, Hofmeyer MR. Effects of functional ability and training on chair‐rise biomechanics in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(9):M538‐47. - PubMed
Allen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Allen A, Simpson JM. A primary care‐based fall prevention programme. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15(2):121‐33.
Annesi 2004 {published data only}
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Anonymous 2002 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Balance is best to prevent falls in the elderly. Medicine Today 2002;3(10):7.
Au‐Yeung 2002 {published data only}
    1. Au‐Yeung SSY, Ho HPY, Lai JWC, Lau RWK, Wong AYL, Lau SK. Did mobility and balance of residents living in private old age homes improve after a mobility exercise programme? A pilot study. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 2002;20:16‐21.
Ballard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ballard JE, McFarland C, Wallace LS, Holiday DB, Roberson G. The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. Journal of the American Medical Womens Association 2004;59(4):255‐61. - PubMed
Barnett 2003 {published data only}
    1. Barnett A, Smith B, Lord SR, Williams M, Baumand A. Community‐based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at‐risk older people: A randomised controlled trial. Age & Ageing 2003;32(4):407‐14. - PubMed
Barrett 2002 {published data only}
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Bean 2004 {published data only}
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Bonnefoy 2003 {published data only}
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Cornillon 2002 {published data only}
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Greendale 2000 {published data only}
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Hornbrook 1993 {published data only}
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Kawanabe 2007 {published data only}
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King 2002 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

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References to other published versions of this review

Howe 2007
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