Decompressive hemicraniectomy in severe cerebral venous thrombosis: a prospective case series

Abstract

Small retrospective case series suggest that decompressive hemicraniectomy can be life saving in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and impending brain herniation. Prospective studies of consecutive cases are lacking. Thus, a single centre, prospective study was performed. In 2006 we adapted our protocol for CVT treatment to perform acute decompressive hemicraniectomy in patients with impending herniation, in whom the prognosis with conservative treatment was considered infaust. We included all consecutive patients with CVT between 2006 and 2010 who underwent hemicraniectomy. Outcome was assessed at 12 months with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Ten patients (8 women) with a median age of 41 years (range 26-52 years) were included. Before surgery 5 patients had GCS < 9, 9 patients had normal pupils, 1 patient had a unilaterally fixed and dilated pupil. All patients except one had space-occupying intracranial hemorrhagic infarcts. The median preoperative midline shift was 9 mm (range 3-14 mm). Unilateral hemicraniectomy was performed in 9 patients and bilateral hemicraniectomy in one. Two patients died from progressive cerebral edema and expansion of the hemorrhagic infarcts. Five patients recovered without disability at 12 months (mRS 0-1). Two patients had some residual handicap (one minor, mRS 2; one moderate, mRS 3). One patient was severely handicapped (mRS 5). Our prospective data show that decompressive hemicraniectomy in the most severe cases of cerebral venous thrombosis was probably life saving in 8/10 patients, with a good clinical outcome in six. In 2 patients death was caused by enlarging hemorrhagic infarcts.

Fig. 1

a Admission CT scan (of patient 4) shows left temporo-parieto-occipital hemorrhagic infarct, b Direct post-operative CT scan, large decompression extending toward the temporal skull base

Fig. 2

Pre- and post-operative CT scans of all 10 cases. All patients had space-occupying intracranial hemorrhagic infarcts except case 9. Case 9 had extensive subarachnoid bleeding, small bilateral hemorrhages, generalized cerebral edema and obliterated basal cisterns. Case 3 had besides the hemorrhagic infarct obliterated basal cisterns due to increased bilateral cerebral edema