Parallel microwave chemistry in silicon carbide microtiter platforms: a review

Abstract

In this review, applications of silicon carbide-based microtiter platforms designed for use in combination with dedicated multimode microwave reactors are described. These platforms are employed not only for the efficient parallel synthesis of compound libraries, but also in the context of high-throughput reaction screening/optimization and a number of other (bio)analytical and biomedical applications. Since the semiconducting plate material (silicon carbide) is strongly microwave absorbing and possesses high thermal conductivity, no temperature gradients across the microtiter plate exist. Therefore, many of the disadvantages experienced in attempting to perform microtiter plate chemistry under conventional microwave conditions can be eliminated. In general, the silicon carbide-based microtiter platforms allow sealed vessel processing (either directly in the well or in glass vials placed into the wells) of volumes ranging from 0.02-3.0 mL at a maximum temperature/pressure limit of 200°C/20 bar. Depending on the specific plate and rotor configuration, a maximum of 80-192 transformations can be carried out in parallel in a single microwave irradiation experiment under strict temperature control. A platform type utilizing HPLC/GC vials as reaction vessels allows analysis directly from the reaction vessel eliminating the need for a transfer step from the reaction to the analysis vial. The latter system is particularly useful for analytical applications as well as reaction optimization/screening.