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. 2011 Nov;2(6):40-50.
doi: 10.1109/MPUL.2011.942766.

Perspective on diagnostics for global health

Elain Fu  1 , Paul Yager, Pierre N Floriano, Nicolaos Christodoulides, John T McDevitt
Affiliations

Perspective on diagnostics for global health

Elain Fu et al. IEEE Pulse. 2011 Nov.
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Worldwide % mortality by health condition. The exploded pie chart shows the % mortality worldwide by health condition in the four main categories of (i) communicable diseases, (ii) non-communicable diseases, (iii) maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies, and (iv) injuries. A further breakdown of % mortality worldwide for the categories of communicable and non-communicable diseases is provided in the upper pie charts [14].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic of the evolution of POC diagnostics development. The gold-standard laboratory assays are appropriate for settings with a high level of resources. There has been much progress in the development of promising chip-in-a-lab technologies that have, in some cases, been converted to true lab-on-a chip systems for use at the POC. However, the costs of the systems are often a barrier to their use in settings with lower levels of resources. One viable strategy is to push towards fully integrated standards-based systems that leverage the microelectronics and software industries. Also underway, is a movement to create instrument-free diagnostics that will not only have a cost appropriate for the lowest-resource settings, but will also fulfill the equipment-free requirement that is so critical to those settings.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Examples of promising LOC technologies. (A) Microfluidic flow-through membrane immunoassay developed in the Yager lab achieves rapid and sensitive detection using dry reagents stored on the disposable card [27]. (B) The Sia lab has demonstrated higher-level integration that is completely battery-powered [30]. (C) A CD-based approach for cell detection from the Liu lab reduces the requirements for pumps and valves [32]. (D) The Wang lab has developed a wash-free multiplexed immunoassay based on magnetic nanotechnology [35].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The McDevitt group has developed a fully-integrated programmable bio-nano-chip (PBNC) platform that enables new test configurations to be quickly adapted, developed, and applied for a variety of diagnostic indications through the insertion of molecular level code (or disease-specific reagents).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Examples of noteworthy technologies in the movement towards diagnostic devices that are free of dedicated instrumentation. (A) The Delamarche group has developed capillary-based microfluidics in hybrid silicon/PDMS device for the pump-free manipulation of fluids [56]. (B) The Ozcan lab has demonstrated the use of a compact adapter that couples to a cell phone for fluorescence and dark-field imaging of assay results [88]. (C) The Whitesides lab has developed μPADs for multiplexed detection in paper assays [59]. (D) The Henry lab has developed electrochemical detection in paper using screen-printed electrodes [69]. (E) Two-dimensional paper networks (2DPN) for autonomous multi-step sample processing, and thus higher performance assays have been demonstrated by the collaboration of Yager, Lutz, and Fu [89].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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