NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of arginine and proteins by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin

Abstract

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (labile toxin, LT) catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide and the ADP-ribosylation of arginine (Moss, J., and Richardson, S.H. (1978) J. Clin. Invest. 62, 281-285). Analysis of the product of the ADP-ribosylation of arginine by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the reaction was stereospecific and resulted in the formation of alpha-ADP-ribosyl-L-arginine. This reaction product rapidly anomerized to yield a mixture of the alpha and beta forms. In the presence of [adenine-U-14C]NAD, E. coli enterotoxin catalyzed the transfer of the radiolabel to proteins; the ADP-ribosylation of proteins was inhibited by arginine methyl ester, an alternative substrate. Digestion of the 14C-protein with snake venom phosphodiesterase released predominantly 5'-AMP. No product was obtained with a mobility similar to that of 2'-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-5'-AMP. This result is consistent with the covalent attachment by the enterotoxin of ADP-ribose rather than poly(ADP-ribose) to protein. Thus, LT is catalytically equivalent to choleragen, an enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae, and activates adenylate cyclase through a similar stereospecific ADP-ribosylation reaction.