Development and validation of the impact of dry eye on everyday life (IDEEL) questionnaire, a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measure for the assessment of the burden of dry eye on patients

Abstract

Objective: To develop and validate a comprehensive patient-reported outcomes instrument focusing on the impact of dry eye on everyday life (IDEEL).

Methods: Development and validation of the IDEEL occurred in four phases: 1) focus groups with 45 dry eye patients to develop a draft instrument, 2) item generation, 3) pilot study to assess content validity in 16 patients and 4) psychometric validation in 210 subjects: 130 with non-Sjögren's keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 32 with Sjögren's syndrome and 48 controls, and subsequent item reduction.

Results: Focus groups identified symptoms and the associated bother, the impact of dry eye on daily life and the patients' satisfaction with their treatment as the central concepts in patients' experience of dry eye. Qualitative analysis indicated that saturation was achieved for these concepts and yielded an initial 112-item draft instrument. Patients understood the questionnaire and found the items to be relevant indicating content validity. Patient input, item descriptive statistics and factor analysis identified 55 items that could be deleted. The final 57-item IDEEL assesses dry eye impact constituting 3 modules: dry eye symptom-bother, dry eye impact on daily life comprising impact on daily activities, emotional impact, impact on work, and dry eye treatment satisfaction comprising satisfaction with treatment effectiveness and treatment-related bother/inconvenience. The psychometric analysis results indicated that the IDEEL met the criteria for item discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability and floor/ceiling effects. As expected, the correlations between IDEEL and the Dry Eye Questionnaire (a habitual symptom questionnaire) were higher than between IDEEL and Short-Form-36 and EuroQoL-5D, indicating concurrent validity.

Conclusion: The IDEEL is a reliable, valid and comprehensive questionnaire relevant to issues that are specific to dry eye patients, and meets current FDA patient-reported outcomes guidelines. The use of this questionnaire will provide assessment of the impact of dry eye on patient dry eye-related quality of life, impact of treatment on patient outcomes in clinical trials, and may aid in treatment effectiveness evaluation.

Figure 1

Conceptual framework of the final version of IDEEL: Dry Eye Symptom-Bother module.

Figure 2

Conceptual framework of the final version of IDEEL: Dry Eye Impact on Daily Life module. * One additional item about working status introduces the items of the dimension. The item is not considered during the scoring of the IDEEL.

Figure 3

Conceptual framework of the final version of IDEEL: Dry Eye Treatment satisfaction module.

Figure 4

Known group validity of the IDEEL, SF-36 and EQ-5D dimensions by patient-recruited severity of the diagnosis. Non-SS KCS = non-Sjögren keratoconjunctivitis sicca; SS = Sjögren Syndrome; IDEEL, Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life; SF-36, Short-Form-36; EuroQoL-5D, EQ-5D; Symptom, Symptom-Bother dimension; ADL, Impact on Daily Activities dimension; Emotional, Emotional Impact due to Dry Eye dimension; Work, Impact on Work due to Dry Eye dimension; Effectiveness, Satisfaction with treatment effectiveness dimension; Treatment bother, Treatment-related bother/inconvenience dimension; PCS, Physical Component Scale; MCS, Mental Component Scale; Index, EQ-5D items (score ranges from 0 to 1); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

Figure 5

Known group validity of the IDEEL, SF-36 and EQ-5D dimensions by clinician-rated severity. IDEEL, Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life; SF-36, Short-Form-36; EuroQoL-5D, EQ-5D; Symptom, Symptom-Bother dimension; ADL, Impact on Daily Activities dimension; Emotional, Emotional Impact due to Dry Eye dimension; Work, Impact on Work due to Dry Eye dimension; Effectiveness, Satisfaction with treatment effectiveness dimension; Treatment bother, Treatment-related bother/inconvenience dimension; PCS, Physical Component Scale; MCS, Mental Component Scale; Index, EQ-5D items (score ranges from 0 to 1); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

Figure 6

Known group validity of the IDEEL, SF-36 and EQ-5D dimensions by patient-rated severity. IDEEL, Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life; SF-36, Short-Form-36; EuroQoL-5D, EQ-5D; Symptom, Symptom-Bother dimension; ADL, Impact on Daily Activities dimension; Emotional, Emotional Impact due to Dry Eye dimension; Work, Impact on Work due to Dry Eye dimension; Effectiveness, Satisfaction with treatment effectiveness dimension; Treatment bother, Treatment-related bother/inconvenience dimension; PCS, Physical Component Scale; MCS, Mental Component Scale; Index, EQ-5D items (score ranges from 0 to 1); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.