Role of fungicides, application of nozzle types, and the resistance level of wheat varieties in the control of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol

Abstract

Fungicide application is a key factor in the control of mycotoxin contamination in the harvested wheat grain. However, the practical results are often disappointing. In 2000-2004, 2006-2008 and 2007 and 2008, three experiments were made to test the efficacy of fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat and to find ways to improve control of the disease and toxin contamination. In a testing system we have used for 20 years, tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicides regularly reduced symptoms by about 80% with a correlating reduction in toxin contamination. Averages across the years normally show a correlation of r = 0.90 or higher. The stability differences (measured by the stability index) between the poorest and the best fungicides are about 10 or more times, differing slightly in mycotoxin accumulation, FHB index (severity) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK). The weak fungicides, like carbendazim, were effective only when no epidemic occurred or epidemic severity was at a very low level. Similar fungicide effects were seen on wheat cultivars which varied in FHB resistance. In this study, we found three fold differences in susceptibility to FHB between highly susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars when treated with fungicides. In the moderately resistant cultivars, about 50% of the fungicide treatments lowered the DON level below the regulatory limit. In the most susceptible cultivars, all fungicides failed to reduce mycotoxin levels low enough for grain acceptance, in spite of the fact that disease was significantly reduced. The results correlated well with the results of the large-scale field tests of fungicide application at the time of natural infection. The Turbo FloodJet nozzle reduced FHB incidence and DON contamination when compared to the TeeJet XR nozzle. Overall, the data suggest that significant decreases in FHB incidence and deoxynivalenol contamination in field situations are possible with proper fungicide applications. Additionally, small plot tests can be used to evaluate the quality of the field disease and toxin production.

Keywords: AUDPC; DON; F.culmorum; FDK; Gibberellazeae; carbendazim; prothioconazole; scab; tebuconazole.

Figure 1

(A) Inoculum production in 10 L glass balloons on liquid Czapek-Dox medium; (B) Inoculation with Fusarium suspension; (C) Experiment showing bagged heads.

Figure 2

Stability of fungicides for controlling deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination, data: mg kg⁻¹. Data: four years *three cultivars* four isolates (=48 epidemic situations). Data of the Fusarium inoculated but not fungicide treated controls (X axis) were plotted against the data of the four fungicides tested (Y axis). (Commercial names: (A) Prosaro; (B) Folicur; (C) Falcon; (D) Kolfugo).

Figure 3

Coverage of the ears by fungicides using different nozzle types as measured by water sensitive paper stripes across three cultivars, 2007-2008.

Figure 4

DON data (mg kg⁻¹) for the fungicides in the small plot artificial and farm scale natural general means across all variables, (n = 9), 2006-2008.