Daily profiles of energy and nutrient intakes: are eating profiles changing over time?

Abstract

Background/objectives: Associations between timing of eating occasions and their nutrient composition and health have been described in interventional and cross-sectional studies. However, data from longitudinal data are limited. This study examined 17-year changes in energy and macronutrient intake across eating occasions in the 1946 British birth cohort.

Subjects/methods: Data were obtained from the 1946 British birth cohort. Cohort members completed 5d-estimated diaries at ages 36 (1982), 43 (1989) and 53 years (1999). Data from subjects who provided dietary data at all three time points were analysed (n = 1253). Repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni's adjustment was used to examine changes in energy and macronutrient at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra meal slots between 1982 and 1999. Analyses were stratified by sex and social class.

Results: The proportion of energy and macronutrients consumed at lunch declined between 1982 and 1999, which was compensated by a greater intake in the mid-afternoon and evening. This trend was seen across sex and social class, although women and adults with a non-manual occupation reported greater energy, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharide intake at breakfast in 1982 and had a higher protein intake in the evening compared with men and adults with a manual occupation.

Conclusions: The timing of energy and nutrient intake has shifted slightly over time, with a greater proportion of intake later in the day. The association between the observed sex and occupational social class differences in eating profiles and chronic disease warrants investigation.

Figure 1

Secular changes in proportion of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in NSHD cohort (n=1253). ^* denotes statistical significance between the different survey years (P<0.05). 1982 (), 1989 () and 1999 ().

Figure 2

Secular changes in proportion of alcohol and NSP intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in NSHD cohort (n=1253). ^* denotes statistical significance between the different survey years (P<0.05). 1982 (), 1989 () and 1999 ().

Figure 3

Secular changes in proportion of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in men and women. Corresponding meal slots with different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences across the survey years. Meal slots with no letters are not significantly different from corresponding meal slots from other years. Extra (), evening (), mid-afternoon (), lunch (), mid-morning () and breakfast ().

Figure 4

Secular changes in proportion of alcohol and NSP intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in men and women. Corresponding meal slots with different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences across the survey years. Meal slots with no letters are not significantly different from corresponding meal slots from other years. Extra (), evening (), mid-afternoon (), lunch (), mid-morning () and breakfast ().

Figure 5

Secular changes in proportion of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in adults with a non-manual and manual occupation. Corresponding meal slots with different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences across the survey years. Meal slots with no letters are not significantly different from corresponding meal slots from other years. Extra (), evening (), mid-afternoon (), lunch (), mid-morning () and breakfast ().

Figure 6

Secular changes in proportion of alcohol and non-starch polysaccharides intake at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra time slots in adults with a non-manual and manual occupation. Corresponding meal slots with different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences across the survey years. Meal slots with no letters are not significantly different from corresponding meal slots from other years. Extra (), evening (), mid-afternoon (), lunch (), mid-morning () and breakfast ().