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Review
. 2012:2012:101895.
doi: 10.1155/2012/101895. Epub 2011 Dec 25.

Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update

Wenbao Zhang  1 , Hao Wen, Jun Li, Renyong Lin, Donald P McManus
Affiliations
Review

Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update

Wenbao Zhang et al. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012.

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of the Echinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of ELISA and immuno-PCR for detecting circulating antigen in serum. (a) Sandwich ELISA. (1) Plate is coated with a capture antibody; (2) serum sample is added, and any antigen present in the serum binds to the capture antibody; (3) detecting antibody conjugate is added and binds to the antigen; (4) substrate is added, and is converted by the enzyme to a detectable form. (b) Direct ELISA. Plate is coated with diluted serum containing antigen; (2) detecting antibody is added, and binds to antigen; (3) enzyme-linked secondary antibody is added, and binds to detecting antibody; (4) substrate is added and is converted by the enzyme to a detectable form. (c) Capture immuno-PCR. (1) Plate is coated with capture antibody; (2) serum sample is added; (3) biotinylated detecting antibody is added and binds to antigen; (4) Streptavidin and biotinylated reporter DNA are added, and the biotinylated antibody and biotinylated reporter DNA are linked by streptavidin; (5) Primers and PCR components are added and PCR or real-time PCR undertaken to quantify antigen. (d) Non-capture immuno-PCR. Serum sample is coated on the plate and the remainder of the steps are as for the capture-immuno-PCR (C).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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