Development and validation of the Composite Asthma Severity Index--an outcome measure for use in children and adolescents

Abstract

Background: Asthma severity is reflected in many aspects of the disease, including impairment and future risks, particularly for exacerbations. According to the Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, however, to assess more comprehensively the severity of asthma the level of current treatment needed to maintain a level of control should be included.

Objective: Development and validation of a new instrument, the Composite Asthma Severity Index (CASI), which can quantify disease severity by taking into account impairment, risk, and the amount of medication needed to maintain control. At present, there is no instrument available to measure and assess the multidimensional nature of asthma.

Methods: Twenty-six established asthma investigators, who are part of the National Institutes of Health-supported Inner City Asthma Consortium, participated in a modified Delphi consensus process to identify and weight the dimensions of asthma. Factor analysis was performed to identify independent domains of asthma by using the Asthma Control Evaluation trial. CASI was validated by using the Inner City Anti-IgE Therapy for Asthma trial.

Results: CASI scores include 5 domains: day symptoms and albuterol use, night symptoms and albuterol use, controller treatment, lung function measures, and exacerbations. At Asthma Control Evaluation trial enrollment, CASI ranged from 0 to 17, with a mean of 6.2. CASI was stable, with minimal change in variance after 1 year of treatment. In external validation, CASI detected a 32% larger improvement than did symptoms alone.

Conclusion: CASI retained its discriminatory ability even with low levels of symptoms reported after months of guidelines-directed care. Thus, CASI has the ability to determine the level of asthma severity and provide a composite clinical characterization of asthma.

Figure 1

CASI Development Overview

Figure 2

Determining Independent Domains of Asthma Severity: The Five Dimensions of the CASI

Figure 3. Scale Properties of CASI: ACT, Symptom Days and CASI Distribution

CASI, symptom days and ACT at recruitment (Visit 1) and at the end of the study for subjects who attended each of eight ACE study visits. The dashed line and shaded area show the mean ± one-half standard deviation. Annotated values are means (SD). The variances of ACT and Symptom Days are lower at Visit 8 (p<0.001) while the change in variance for CASI is minimal (p=0.08).

Figure 4. External Validation Against an Independent Sample - Effect of the ICATA Intervention on Symptom Days and Composite Asthma Severity

* - Values are adjusted for omalizumab dosing group, season and study site. The first 12 weeks of the double-blind phase served as a wash-in period and were not included in analyses.