Cation occupancies in Mg, Co, Ni, Zn, Al ferrite spinels: a multi-element EXAFS study

Abstract

The distribution of cations between tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites in ferrite spinels has been studied using K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The samples include natural and synthetic end-member magnetites (Fe₃O₄), a natural Mn- and Zn-rich magnetite (franklinite) and synthetic binary, ternary and quaternary ferrites of stoichiometry M(²+)M₂(³+)O₄, where M(²+) = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn and M(³+) = Fe, Al. XAS data were obtained for all metals. Complete, unfiltered, EXAFS spectra were refined to determine the percentage distribution of each element over the A and B sites and these data were combined with microprobe analyses to quantify the tetrahedral occupancy for each element in each sample. Measured site occupancies and an internally consistent set of (M-O)(A) and (M-O)(B) bond lengths were used to calculate unit-cell parameters, which show excellent agreement with measured values, pointing to the reliability of the measured occupancy factors. The average occupancies determined for the tetrahedral sites in ferrites are (atoms per formula unit) Mg 0.44, Co 0.24, Ni 0.11, Zn 0.76, Al 0.11 and Fe(³+) 0.92-0.19. The wide range found for Fe(³+) is consistent with it playing a relatively passive role by making good any A-site deficit left by the other competing cations.