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Meta-Analysis
. 2012 Jan 18;1(1):CD004386.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004386.pub3.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy

Anat Gafter-Gvili  1 , Abigail Fraser, Mical Paul, Liat Vidal, Theresa A Lawrie, Marianne D van de Wetering, Leontien C M Kremer, Leonard Leibovici
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy

Anat Gafter-Gvili et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who are neutropenic following chemotherapy for malignancy. Trials have shown the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of bacterial infections but not in reducing mortality rates. Our systematic review from 2006 also showed a reduction in mortality.

Objectives: This updated review aimed to evaluate whether there is still a benefit of reduction in mortality when compared to placebo or no intervention.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Cancer Network Register of Trials (2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2011), EMBASE (1980 to March 2011), abstracts of conference proceedings and the references of identified studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing different types of antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo or no intervention, or another antibiotic, to prevent bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently appraised the quality of each trial and extracted data from the included trials. Analyses were performed using RevMan 5.1 software.

Main results: One-hundred and nine trials (involving 13,579 patients) that were conducted between the years 1973 to 2010 met the inclusion criteria. When compared with placebo or no intervention, antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduced the risk of death from all causes (46 trials, 5635 participants; risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.79) and the risk of infection-related death (43 trials, 5777 participants; RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.77). The estimated number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one death was 34 (all-cause mortality) and 48 (infection-related mortality).Prophylaxis also significantly reduced the occurrence of fever (54 trials, 6658 participants; RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.87), clinically documented infection (48 trials, 5758 participants; RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.76), microbiologically documented infection (53 trials, 6383 participants; RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.62) and other indicators of infection.There were no significant differences between quinolone prophylaxis and TMP-SMZ prophylaxis with regard to death from all causes or infection, however, quinolone prophylaxis was associated with fewer side effects leading to discontinuation (seven trials, 850 participants; RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.87) and less resistance to the drugs thereafter (six trials, 366 participants; RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.74).

Authors' conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis in afebrile neutropenic patients significantly reduced all-cause mortality. In our review, the most significant reduction in mortality was observed in trials assessing prophylaxis with quinolones. The benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis outweighed the harm such as adverse effects and the development of resistance since all-cause mortality was reduced. As most trials in our review were of patients with haematologic cancer, we strongly recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for these patients, preferably with a quinolone. Prophylaxis may also be considered for patients with solid tumours or lymphoma.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 1.1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention for the outcome: All‐cause mortality.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 2.1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 2.1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 3.1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
7
7
Forest plot of comparison: 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 14.1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
8
8
Forest plot of comparison: 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis vs. placebo/no intervention or other antibiotic, outcome: 14.2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Infection related mortality, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Febrile patients and febrile episodes, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Clinically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Microbiologically documented infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Gram‐negative infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 Gram‐positive infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Gram‐negative bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Gram‐positive bacteraemia, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Side effects, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/no intervention.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Side effects requiring discontinuation, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
13.6
13.6. Analysis
Comparison 13 Fungal infection, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 systemic + nonabsorbable vs systemic.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 1 drug vs. placebo/ no intervention.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. TMP‐SMZ.
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 3 ciprofloxacin vs. norfloxacin.
14.4
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 4 norfloxacin vs. pefloxacin.
14.5
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 5 quinolone+other vs. quinolone.
14.6
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 6 nonabsorbable vs. systemic.
14.7
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14 Infection resistant to drug taken, prophylaxis versus placebo or no intervention or other antibiotic, Outcome 7 TMP‐SMZ vs. other.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 All‐cause mortality, quinolone versus placebo or no intervention, according to different characteristics, Outcome 1 quinolone vs. placebo/no intervention according to disease status.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 All‐cause mortality, quinolone versus placebo or no intervention, according to different characteristics, Outcome 2 quinolone vs. placebo/no intervention according to type of quinolone.
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 All‐cause mortality, quinolone versus placebo or no intervention, according to different characteristics, Outcome 3 quinolone vs. placebo/no intervention according to timing of chemotherapy initiation.
15.4
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 All‐cause mortality, quinolone versus placebo or no intervention, according to different characteristics, Outcome 4 quinolone vs. placebo/no intervention according to year of publication.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Sensitivity analyses by randomisation generation, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mortality.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Sensitivity analyses by randomisation generation, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 2 Febrile patients.
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 Sensitivity analyses by randomisation generation, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 3 Clinically documented infection.
16.4
16.4. Analysis
Comparison 16 Sensitivity analyses by randomisation generation, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 4 Microbiologically documented infection.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Sensitivity analyses by allocation concealment, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mortality.
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Sensitivity analyses by allocation concealment, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 2 Febrile patients.
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Sensitivity analyses by allocation concealment, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 3 Clinically documented infection.
17.4
17.4. Analysis
Comparison 17 Sensitivity analyses by allocation concealment, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 4 Microbiologically documented infection.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analyses by blinding, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mortality.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analyses by blinding, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 2 Febrile patients.
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analyses by blinding, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 3 Clinically documented infection.
18.4
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analyses by blinding, drug versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 4 Microbiologically documented infection.
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Archimbaud 1991 {published and unpublished data}
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Cruciani 1989 {published data only}
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D'Antonio 1992 {published data only}
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D'Antonio 1994 {published data only}
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de Jongh 1983 {published data only}
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Dekker 1981 {published and unpublished data}
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Dekker 1987 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dekker AW, Rozenberg, Arska M, Verhoef J. Infection prophylaxis in acute leukemia: a comparison of ciprofloxacin with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole and colistin. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;106:7‐11. - PubMed
Dickgreber 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dickgreber N. Nagel S. Roscher K. Schuette W. Randomised, placebo‐controlled phase III trial of docetaxel plus carboplatin with or without levofloxacin prophylaxis in elderly patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: The APRONTA Trial [19th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2009; Vol. 15:S519.
Donnelly 1992b {published data only}
    1. Donnelly JP, Maschmeyer G, Daenen S. Selective oral antimicrobial prophylaxis for the selective oral antimicrobial prophylaxis for the pevention of infection in acute leukaemia‐ciprofloxacin versus co‐trimoxazole plus colistin. The EORTC‐Gnotobiotic Project Group. European Journal of Cancer 1992;28A:873‐8. - PubMed
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Enno 1978 {published data only}
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EORTC 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of infection in neutropenic patients. EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Project Group. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1984;150:372‐9. - PubMed
EORTC 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. nternational Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Reduction of fever and streptococcal bacteraemia in granulocytopenic patients with cancer: a trial of oral penicillin v or placebo combined with pefloxacin. International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. JAMA 1994;272(15):1183‐9. - PubMed
Estey 1984 {published data only}
    1. Estey E, Maksymiuk A, Smith T, Fainstein V, Keating M, McCredie KB, et al. Infection prophylaxis in acute leukemia. Comparative effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, ketoconazole, and a combination of the two. Archives of Internal Medicine 1984;144(8):1562‐8. - PubMed
Fanci 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fanci R, Leoni F, Bosi A, Guidi S, Ciolli S, Longo G, et al. Chemoprophylaxis of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients with ciprofloxacin vs ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin. Journal of Chemotherapy 1993;5:119‐23. - PubMed
Ford 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ford CD, Reilly W, Wood J, Classen DC, Burke JP. Oral antimicrobial prophylaxis in bone marrow transplant recipients: randomised trial of ciprofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin‐vancomycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1998;42:1402‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia Saenz 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. García‐Sáenz JA, Martín M, Casado A, Pérez‐Segura P, Manrique I, Flores L, et al. Immediate vs. delayed imipenem treatment in cancer patients with profound neutropenia induced by high‐dose chemotherapy:Results of a randomised study [Tratamiento inmediato o tardío con imipenemen pacientes con cáncer y neutropenia por quimioterapia a dosis altas:Resultados de un estudio comparativo aleatorizado]. Rev Esp Quimioterap 2002;15(3):257‐63. - PubMed
GIMEMA 1991 {published data only}
    1. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto. Prevention of bacterial infection in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. A randomised, multicentre trial comparing norfloxacin with ciprofloxacin. The GIMEMA Infection Program. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto. Annals of Internal Medicine 1991;115:7‐12. - PubMed
Gluckman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Gluckman E, Cavazzana M, Devergie A, Meletis J, Arlet G, Perol Y, et al. Prevention of bacterial infections after bone marrow graft by broad‐spectrum oral antibiotics, absorbable (pefloxacin, penicillin) and non absorbable (cephalosporin, gentamycin, bacitracin) [Prevention des infections bacteriennes apres greffe de moelle osseuse par antibiotique oraux a large spectre absorbables (pefloxacine, penicilline) ou non absorbables (cephalosporine, gentamicine, bacitracine)]. Pathologie Biologie 1988;36(7):902‐6. - PubMed
Gluckman 1991 {published data only}
    1. Gluckman E, Roudet C, Hirsch I, Devergie A, Bourdeau H, Arlet C, et al. Prophylaxis of bacterial infections after bone marrow transplantation. A randomised prospective study comparing oral broad‐spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotics (vancomycin‐tobramycin‐colistin) to absorbable antibiotics (ofloxacin‐amoxicillin). Chemotherapy 1991;37 Suppl 1:33‐8. - PubMed
Gomez‐Martin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gomez‐Martin C, Sola C, Hornedo J, Perea S, Lumbreras C, Valenti V, et al. Rifampin does not improve the efficacy of quinolone antibacterial prophylaxis in neutropenic cancer patients: results of a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2000;18:2126‐34. - PubMed
Goorin 1985 {published data only}
    1. Goorin AM, Hershey BJ, Levin MJ, Siber GR, Gelber RD, Flynn K, et al. Use of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole to prevent bacterial infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Infectious Disease 1985;4(3):265‐9. - PubMed
Gualtieri 1983 {published data only}
    1. Gualtieri RJ, Donowitz GR, Kaiser Dl, Hess CE, Sande MA. Double‐blind randomised study of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in granulocytopenic patients with hematologic malignancies. American Journal of Medicine 1983;74:934‐40. - PubMed
Guiot 1983 {published data only}
    1. Guiot HF, Broek PJ, Meer JW, Furth R. Selective antimicrobial modulation of the intestinal flora of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;147:615‐23. - PubMed
Guiot 1992 {published data only}
    1. Guiot HF, Meer JWM, Broek PJ, Willemze R, Furth R. Prevention of viridans‐group streptococcal septicemia in oncohematologic patients: a controlled comparative study on the effect of penicillin G and cotrimoxazole. Annals of Hematology 1992;64:260‐5. - PubMed
Gurwith 1979 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gurwith MJ, Brunton JL, Lank BA, Harding GK, Ronald AR. A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1979;66:248‐56. - PubMed
Hargadon 1981 {published data only}
    1. Hargadon MT, Young VM, Schimpff SC, Wade JC, Minah GE. Selective suppression of alimentary tract microbial flora as prophylaxis during granulocytopenia. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1981;20:620‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Harousseau 1987 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Harousseau JL, Milpied N, Reynaud AE. Antibiotic prophylaxis with ceftriaxone for severe and durable neutropenia [Utilisation de la ceftriaxone en prophylaxie des infections bacteriennes au cours des]. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 1989;19:91‐5.
    1. Harousseau Jl, Milpied N, Reynaud AE, Derriennic M, Bourhis JH, Courtieu AL. Preventive systemic antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone alone in neutropenic patients treated in a protected environment. [French]. La Presse Medicale 1987;16:1737‐40. - PubMed
Hartlapp 1987 {published data only}
    1. Hartlapp JH. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients. Drugs 1987;34 Suppl 1:131‐3. - PubMed
Henry 1984b {published data only}
    1. Henry SA, Armstrong D, Kempin S, Gee T, Arlin Z, Clarkson B. Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in attempt to prevent infection after induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia. American Journal of Medicine 1984;77:663‐6. - PubMed
Hidalgo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hidalgo M, Hornedo J, Lumbreras C, Trigo JM, Gomez C, Perea S, et al. Lack of ability of ciprofloxacin‐rifampin prophylaxis to decrease infection‐related morbidity in neutropenic patients given cytotoxic therapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplants. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1997;41:1175‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Inoue 1983 {published data only}
    1. Inoue M, Arai S, Kawamura Y, Kamiya H, Sakurai M, Izawa T, et al. The prophylactic effect of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole on infections in children with acute leukaemia. Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research 1983;9:35‐43.
Jansen 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jansen J, Cromer M, Akard L, Black JR, Wheat J. Infection prevention in severely myelosuppressed patients: a comparison between ciprofloxacin and a regimen of selective antibiotic modulation of the intestinal flora. American Journal of Medicine 1994;96:335‐41. - PubMed
Jehn 1981 {published data only}
    1. Jehn U, Ruckdeschel G, Sauer H, Clemm C, Wilmanns W. Comparative study on the value of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in acute leukemia patients (author's transl)]. [German]. Klinische Wochenschrift 1981;59:1093‐9. - PubMed
Karp 1987 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Karp JE, Merz WG, Hendricksen C, Laughon B, Redden T, Bamberger BJ, et al. Infection Management during antileukemic treatment‐induced granulocytopenia: the role for oral norfloxacin prophylaxis against infections arising from gastrointestinal tract. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1986;Suppl 48:66‐78. - PubMed
    1. Karp JE, Merz WG, Hendricksen C, Laughon B, Redden T, Bamberger BJ, et al. Oral norfloxacin for prevention of gram‐negative bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia. A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;106:1‐7. - PubMed
Kauffman 1983 {published data only}
    1. Kauffman CA, Liepman MK, Bergman AG, Mioduszewski J. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. Reduction of infections and effect on bacterial and fungal flora. The American Journal of Medicine 1983;74:599‐607. - PubMed
Kern 1991b {published data only}
    1. Kern W, Kurrle E. Ofloxacin versus trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole for prevention of infection in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia. Infection 1991;19:73‐80. - PubMed
Kern 1994b {published data only}
    1. Kern WV, Hay B, Kern P, Marre R, Arnold R. A randomised trial of roxithromycin in patients with acute leukemia and bone marrow transplant recipients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1994;38:465‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Klastersky 1974 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Klastersky J, Debusscher L, Weerts D, Daneau D. Use of oral antibiotics in protected units environment: clinical effectiveness and role in the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains. Pathologie Biologie 1974;22(1):5‐12. - PubMed
Kovatch 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kovatch AL, Wald ER, Albo VC, Prin W, Orlando SJ, Wollman MR, et al. Oral trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole for prevention of bacterial infection during the induction phase of cancer chemotherapy in children. Pediatrics 1985;76(5):754‐60. - PubMed
Kramer 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kramer BS, Carr DJ, Rand KH, Pizzo PA, Johnson A, Robichaud KJ, et al. Prophylaxis of fever and infection in adult cancer patients. A placebo‐controlled trial of oral trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole plus erythromycin. Cancer 1984;53(2):329‐35. - PubMed
Kurrle 1983 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kurrle E, Bhaduri S, Pfleiger H, Heimpel H. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in acute leukemia: prospective randomised study comparing two methods of selective decontamination. Klinische Wochen‐schrift 1983;61:691‐8. - PubMed
Kurrle 1986 {published data only}
    1. Kurrle E, Dekker AW, Gaus W, Harlambie E, Krieger M, Rozenberg‐Arska M et al (EORTC writing committee). Prevention of infection in acute leukemia: a prospective randomised study on the efficacy of two different drug regimens for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Infection 1986;14(5):226‐32. - PubMed
Lalami 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lalami Y, Paesmans M, Aoun M, Munoz‐Bermeo R, Reuss K, Cherifi S, et al. A prospective randomised evaluation of G‐CSF or G‐CSF plus oral antibiotics in chemotherapy‐treated patients at high risk of developing febrile neutropenia. Support Care Cancer 2004;12:725‐30. - PubMed
Lamy 1993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lamy T, Michelet C, Dauriac C, Grulois I, Donio PY, Prise PY. Benefit of prophylaxis by intravenous systemic vancomycin in granulocytopenic patients: a prospective, randomised trial among 59 patients. Acta Haematologica 1993;90:109‐13. - PubMed
Lange 1984 {published data only}
    1. Lange B, Halpern S, Gale G, Kramer S. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole and nystatin prophylaxis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. European Paediatric Haematology and Oncology 1984;1:231‐8.
Lee 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lee DG, Choi SM, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Park YH, Kim YJ, et al. Selective bowel decontamination for the prevention of infection in acute myelogenous leukemia: a prospective randomised trial. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2002;17(1):38‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Levine 1973 {published data only}
    1. Levine AS, Seigel SE, Schreiber AD, Hauser J, Preisler H, Goldstein IM, et al. Protected environments and prophylactic antibiotics. A prospective controlled study of their utility in the therapy of acute leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1973;288:477‐83. - PubMed
Lew 1991 {published data only}
    1. Lew MA, Kehoe K, Ritz J, Antman Kh, Nadler L, Takvorian T, et al. Prophylaxis of bacterial infections with ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1991;51:630‐6. - PubMed
Lew 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lew MA, Kehoe K, Ritz J, Antman KH, Nadler L, Kalish LA, et al. Ciprofloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: a randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1995;13:239‐50. - PubMed
Liang 1990 {published data only}
    1. Liang RH, Yung RWH, Chan TK, Chau PY, Lam WK, So SY, et al. Ofloxacin versus co‐trimoxazole for prevention of infection in neutropenic patients following cytotoxic chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1990;34:215‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Maiche 1993 {published data only}
    1. Maiche AG, Muhonen T. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) with or without a quinolone in the prevention of infection in cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer 1993;29A(10):1403‐5. - PubMed
Malarme 1981 {published data only}
    1. Malarme M, Meunier‐Carpentier F, Klastersky J. Vancomycin plus gentamicin and cotrimoxazole for prevention of infections in neutropenic cancer patients (a comparative, placebo‐controlled pilot study). European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 1981;17:1315‐22. - PubMed
Martino 1984 {published data only}
    1. Martino P, Venditti M, Petti MC, Mandelli F, Serra P. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in patients with leukemia and prolonged granulocytopenia. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1984;287:7‐9. - PubMed
Maschmeyer 1988 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Maschmeyer G, Haralambie E, Gaus W, Kern W, Dekker AW, Vries‐Hospers HG, et al. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin for selective decontamination in patients with severe granulocytopenia. Infection 1988;16:98‐104. - PubMed
Mocikova 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mocikova K, Svac J, Faber E, Wildova B, Banikova I. Comparison of Tarivid and Biseptol in the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 1992;38(2):166‐72. - PubMed
Moreau 1995 {published data only}
    1. Moreau P, Milplied N, Richard P, Bulbois CE, Richet H, Harousseau JL. Prospective randomised study comparing prophylactic ciprofloxacin (C) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (A‐CA) vs prophylactic vancomycin (V) vs non prophylactic conventional empiric antimicrobial therapy in neutropenic patients [abstract]. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1995; Vol. 15 Suppl 2:129.
Moriuchi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Moriuchi Y, Kamihira S, Yamamura M, Mori H, Miyazaki Y, Tokunaga S, et al. Comparison of ciprofloxacin with polymyxin B for infection prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia. Japanese Journal of Clinical Hematology 1990;31:1664‐9. - PubMed
Murase 1995 {published data only}
    1. Murase T. Chemoprophylaxis of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients with new quinolone: a comparison of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (ST) alone with ST plus ciprofloxacin. Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 1995;69:28‐32. - PubMed
Nemet 1989 {published data only}
    1. Nemet D, Kalenic S, Badanjak A, Bogdanic V, Davila N, Francetic I, et al. Prevention of gram‐negative bacterial infection in granulocytopenic patients: a randomised study comparing oral norfloxacin with gentamycin. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1989;4(Suppl 3):105. - PubMed
Nenova 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nenova IS, Ananostev NH, Goranov, SE, Mateva NG, Haidushka IA. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis for bacterial infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Folia Medica Plovdiv 2001;43(4):40‐5. - PubMed
Orlandi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Orlandi E, Navarra A, Cruciani M, Caldera D, Morra E, Castagnola C, et al. Norfloxacin versus cotrimoxazole for infection prophylaxis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia. A prospective randomised study. Haematologica 1990;75:296‐8. - PubMed
Papaiakovou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Eleutherakis‐Papaiakovou E, Kostis E, Migkou M, Christoulas D, Terpos E, Gavriatopoulou M, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of neutropenic fever in patients undergoing autologous stem‐cell transplantation: Results of a single institution, randomised phase 2 trial. American Journal of Hematology 2010;85(11):863‐7. - PubMed
Patrick 1995 {published data only}
    1. Patrick CC, Adair JR, Warner WC Jr, Church DA, Sanders RH, Krance R, et al. Safety of Ciprofloxacin as a Prophylactic Agent for Prevention of Bacterial Infections in Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Patients. Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1995 October; San Francisco. 1995:Abstract LM32.
Petersen 1986 {published data only}
    1. Petersen FB, Buckner CD, Clift RA, Lee S, Nelson N, Counts GW, et al. Laminar air flow isolation and decontamination: a prospective randomised study of the effects of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in bone marrow transplant patients. Infection 1986;14(3):115‐21. - PubMed
Pignon 1990 {published data only}
    1. Pignon B, Thiriet L, Aubert D, Pennaforte JL, Vilque JP, Lartigue B, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of prophylactic intravenous antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone in post‐chemotherapy agranulocytic patients. Nouvelle Revue Francaise d'Hematologie 1990;32(4):249‐52. - PubMed
Pizzo 1983 {published data only}
    1. Pizzo PA, Robichaud K, Edwards BK, Schumaker C, Kramer BS, Johnson A. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cancer: a double‐blind randomised placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics 1983;102:125‐33. - PubMed
Prentice 2001 {published data only}
    1. Prentice HG, Hann IM, Nazareth B, Paterson P, Bhamra A, Kibbler CC. Oral ciprofloxacin plus colistin: prophylaxis against bacterial infection in neutropenic patients. A strategy for the prevention of emergence of antimicrobial resistance. British Journal of Haematology 2001;115:46‐52. - PubMed
Rafecas 1989 {published data only}
    1. Rafecas FJ, Gil E, Martin G, Martinez J, Sanz G, Sempere A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin in the prophylaxis of bacterial infection in neutropenic patients. A randomized, double‐blind, comparative clinical study [Ciprofloxacina oral en la profilaxis de la infeccion bacteriana en pacientes neutropenicos. Ensayo clinico aleatorio, doble ciego y comparativo vs. placebo]. Rev Esp Quimioter 1989;2(2):174‐7.
Rahman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rahman MM, Khan MA. Levofloxacin prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infection in chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia in acute leukemia. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 2009;35:91‐4. - PubMed
Ruiz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz I, Fuentes I, Capdevila JA, Juli A, Carreras J, Pahissa A, et al. Ofloxacin Prophylaxis in Preventing Bacterial Infection after Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (A‐PBSC). Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2001 September and December; Chicago. 2001:Abstract L‐781:447.
Sampi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sampi K, Maseki N, Hattori M. [A comparison of nystatin with norfloxacin for prevention of infection after consolidation therapy in patients with acute leukemia or autologous bone marrow transplantation: a randomised study]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1992;19(6):823‐6. - PubMed
Schimpff 1975 {published data only}
    1. Schimpff SC, Greene WH, Young VM, Fortner CL, Cusack N, Block JB, et al. Infection prevention in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral, nonabsorbable antibiotic prophylaxis. Annals of Internal Medicine 1975;82(3):351‐8. - PubMed
Schroeder 1992 {published data only}
    1. Schroeder M, Schadeck‐Gressel C, Selbach J, Westerhausen M. Antibiotic prophylaxis with gyrase inhibitors during cytostatically induced granulocytopenias in patients with solid tumors: A double‐blind prospective randomised study. Onkologie 1992;15:476‐9.
Slavin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Slavin MA, Grigg AP, Schwarer AP, Szer J, Spencer A, Sainani A, et al. A randomised comparison of empiric or pre‐emptive antibiotic therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2007;40:157‐163. - PubMed
Sleijfer 1980 {published data only}
    1. Sleijfer DT, Mulder NH, Vries‐Hospers HG, Fidler V, Nieweg HO, Waaij D, et al. Infection prevention in granulocytopenic patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. European Journal of Cancer 1980;16:859‐69. - PubMed
    1. Vries H, Sleijfer DT, Mulder NH, Waaj D, Nieweg OH, Saene HKF. Bacteriological aspects of selective decontamination of the digestive tract as a method of infection prevention in granulocytopenic patients. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1981;19(5):813‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Starke 1982 {published data only}
    1. Starke ID, Donnely P, Catovsky D, Darrell J, Johnson SA, Goldman JM, et al. Co‐trimoxazole alone for prevention of bacterial infection in patients with acute leukaemia. Lancet 1982;1(8262):5‐6. - PubMed
Talbot 1993 {published data only}
    1. Talbot GH, Cassileth GH, Paradiso L, Correa‐Coronas R, Bond L. Oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The Enoxacin Prophylaxis Study Group. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1993;3:474‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Teinturier 1995 {published data only}
    1. Teinturier C, Hartmann O, Lemerle J, Benhamou E, Maraninchi D. Prevention of gram‐positive infections in patients treated with high‐dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation: a randomised controlled trial of vancomycin. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1995;12(1):73‐7. - PubMed
Thomas 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Thomas X, Troncy J, Belhabri A, Thiebaut A, Bouheddou N, Michallet M, et al. Effectiveness of combined vancomycin and pefloxacine in gastrointestinal decontamination for preventing infections after chemotherapy‐induced bone marrow aplasia. A randomised double‐blind study. La Presse Medicale 2000;29(32):1745‐51. - PubMed
Timmers 2007 {published data only}
    1. Timmers GJ, Simoons‐Smit AM, Leidekker ME, Janssen JJWM, Vandenbroucke‐Grauls CMJE, Huijgens PC. Levofloxacin vs. ciprofloxacin plus phenethicillin for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with haematological malignancies. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2007;13(5):497‐503. - PubMed
Tjan Heijnen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tjan Heijnen VCG, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A, Manegold Ch, Burghouts J, Meerbeeck J, et al. Reduction of chemotherapy‐induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small‐cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double‐blind placebo‐controlled phase III study. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(10):1359‐68. - PubMed
Tsutani 1992 {published data only}
    1. Tsutani H, Imamura S, Ueda T, Yoshida H, Iwasaki H, Fukushima T. Prophylactic use of ofloxacin in granulocytopenic patients with hematological malignancies during post‐remission chemotherapy. Internal Medicine 1992;31:319‐24. - PubMed
van Eys 1987 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Eys J, Berry DM, Crist W, Doering EJ, Fernbach DJ, Pullen J, et al. Effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on outcome of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Cancer 1987;1(59):19‐23. - PubMed
Wade 1981a {published data only}
    1. Wade JC, Schimpff SC, Hargadon MT, Fortner CL, Wiernik PH. A comparison of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1981;304(18):1057‐62. - PubMed
Wade 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wade JC, Jongh CA, Newman KA, Crowley J, Wiernik PH, Schimpff SC. Selective antimicrobial modulation as prophylaxis against infection during granulocytopenia: trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole vs. nalidixic acid. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;147:624‐34. - PubMed
Ward 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ward TT, Thomas RG, Fye CL, Arbeit R, Coltman CA Jr, Craig W, et al. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia: evaluation of serum antibiotic levels in a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1993;17:323‐32. - PubMed
Watson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Watson JG, Jameson B, Powles RL, McElwain TJ, Lawson DN, Judson I, et al. Co‐trimoxazole versus nonabsorbable antibiotics in acute leukaemia. Lancet 1982;1(8262):6‐9. - PubMed
Weiser 1981 {published data only}
    1. Weiser B, Lange M, Fialk MA, Singer C, Szatrowski TH, Armstrong D. Prophylactic trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole during consolidation chemotherapy for acute leukemia: a controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1981;95:436‐8. - PubMed
Winston 1986 {published data only}
    1. Winston DJ, Ho WJ, Champlin RE, Karp J, Bartlett J, Finley RS, et al. Norfloxacin for prevention of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1987;82(suppl 6B):40‐6. - PubMed
    1. Winston DJ, Ho WJ, Nakao SL, Gale RP, Champlin RE. Norfloxacin versus vancomycin/polymyxin for prevention of infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1986;80(5):884‐90. - PubMed
Winston 1990 {published data only}
    1. Winston DJ, Winston GH, Bruckner DA, Gale RP, Champlin RE. Ofloxacin versus vancomycin/polymyxin for prevention of infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1990;88:36‐42. - PubMed
Yamada 1993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Yamada T, Kazuo T, Nomura T. Prevention of bacterial and fungal infections in acute leukemia patients: a new potent combination of oral norfloxacin and amphotericin b. Internal Medicine 1993;32(9):710‐4. - PubMed
Yates 1973 {published data only}
    1. Yates JW, Holland JF Yates JW, Holland JF. A controlled study of isolation and endogenous microbial suppression in acute myelocytic leukemia patients. Cancer 1973;32(6):1490‐8. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Barriga 1997 {published data only}
    1. Barriga F, Varas M, Potin M, Sapunar F, Rojo H, Martinez A, et al. Efficacy of Vancomycin solution to prevent bacteraemia associated with an indwelling central venous catheter in neutropenic and non‐neutropenic cancer patients. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 1997;28:196‐200. - PubMed
Bunn 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bunn, PA. Editorial comments on 'Reduction of chemotherapy‐induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small‐cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double‐blind placebo‐controlled phase III study'. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(10):1339‐40. - PubMed
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Maltezou 1999 (a) {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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