Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2012 Feb 15;2012(2):CD008993.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008993.pub2.

Surgery for congenital choanal atresia

Antonio C Cedin  1 , Alvaro N Atallah, Régis B Andriolo, Oswaldo L Cruz, Shirley N Pignatari
Affiliations

Surgery for congenital choanal atresia

Antonio C Cedin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Congenital choanal atresia is a rare abnormality characterized by unilateral or bilateral lack of patency of the posterior end of the nasal cavity. With an incidence of 1:5000 to 1:8000 births, it is twice as prevalent in females as it is in males. Surgical procedures aim to provide adequate functional choanal patency and a low rate of restenosis, avoid harm to any structure in development, enable shorter surgery and hospitalization times, and minimize morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the available surgical techniques for the treatment of congenital choanal atresia in patients with unilateral and bilateral atresia.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; BIOSIS Previews; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; ISRCTN and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 31 January 2011.

Selection criteria: We planned to include parallel randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials testing surgical approaches for the treatment of congenital atresia (irrespective of gender and age) that evaluated normal/adequate respiratory function (self reported or preserved nasal airway) and restenosis as the main primary outcomes. We did not consider reoperation and non-congenital atresia (e.g. traumatic, iatrogenic atresias) for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis: Three review authors independently assessed the titles and abstracts of the identified articles to determine potential relevance. For dichotomous and continuous variables, we planned to calculate risk ratios (relative risks; RR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), respectively. We planned to use the random-effects model since we were expecting substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity.

Main results: No randomized controlled trials were identified. From the 120 reports retrieved using our search strategy, 46 primary studies had the potential to be included since they had tested surgical approaches for choanal atresia. However, we excluded all of them during the final selection process because their study designs did not meet our inclusion criteria.

Authors' conclusions: There is no definitive evidence, based on randomized controlled trials, to demonstrate the potential advantages and disadvantages of any specific surgical technique for patients with choanal atresia. Specialists should unify their efforts in multicenter randomized controlled trials that test the effectiveness and safety of different surgical techniques in patients with choanal atresia.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Two authors (Cedin AC and Cruz OL) have an interest in the potential benefits of using flaps in surgical techniques and have published a previous study about the use of flaps (Cedin 2006).

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of study selection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies excluded from this review

Al‐Almar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Ammar AY. The use of nasal stent for choanal atresia. Saudi Medical Journal 2008;29(3):437‐40. [PUBMED: 18327375] - PubMed
Al‐Ammar 2006 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Ammar AY. Presentation of choanal atresia in Saudi children. Saudi Medical Journal 2006;27(11):1680‐2. [PUBMED: 17106540] - PubMed
Al‐Ammar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Ammar AY. Effect of use of mitomycin C on the outcome of choanal atresia repair. Saudi Medical Journal 2007;28(10):1537‐40. [PUBMED: 17914516] - PubMed
Al‐Qahtani 2003 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Qahtani AS, Messahel FM. Choanal atresia repair. The use of reinforced silicone tube to prevent restenosis. Rhinology 2003;41(1):54‐5. [PUBMED: 12677742] - PubMed
Anderhuber 1997 {published data only}
    1. Anderhuber W, Stammberger H. Endoscopic surgery of uni‐ and bilateral choanal atresia. Auris, Nasus, Larynx 1997;24(1):13‐9. [PUBMED: 9148722] - PubMed
Andrade 2005 {published data only}
    1. Andrade EC, Vanier SJ, Didoni AL, Freitas PZ, Carneiro AF, et al. Treacher Collins syndrome with choanal atresia: a case report and review of disease features [Síndrome de Treacher Collins com atresia coanal: relato de caso e revisão de suas características]. Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 2005;71(1):107‐10. [DOI: 10.1590/S0034-72992005000100021] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ayari 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ayari S, Abedipour D, Bossard D, Froehlich P. CT‐assisted surgery in choanal atresia. Acta Oto‐laryngologica 2004;124(4):502‐4. [PUBMED: 15224883] - PubMed
Bergonse 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bergonse GFR, Carneiro AF, Vassoler TMF. Choanal atresia: analysis of 16 cases ‐ the experience of HRAC‐USP from 2000 to 2004 [Atresia de coana: análise de 16 casos: a experiência do HRAC – USP de 2000 a 2004]. Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 2005;71(6):730‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Carvesaccio 2000 {published data only}
    1. Caversaccio M, Häusler R. Unilateral choanal atresia. A possible indication for computer aided surgery? "A report of two cases". Rhinology 2000;38(2):93‐5. [PUBMED: 10953850] - PubMed
Cedin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cedin AC. Recurrence in the surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia [Recorrência no tratamento cirúrgico da atresia coanal congênita]. Thesis (Doctorate) – Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulistade Medicina. Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço. São Paulo, 2010:xiii, 53f.
    1. Cedin AC, Fujita R, Cruz OL. Endoscopic transeptal surgery for choanal atresia with a stentless folded‐over‐flap technique. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2006;135(5):693‐8. [PUBMED: 17071296] - PubMed
Ceylan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ceylan K, Emir H, Kizilkaya Z, Samim E. Bilateral congenital choanal atresia in a 7‐day‐old patient: transnasal endoscopic repair with stent. European Archives of Oto‐rhino‐laryngology 2007;264(7):837‐40. [PUBMED: 17323088] - PubMed
Chia 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chia SH, Carvalho DS, Jaffe DM, Pransky SM. Unilateral choanal atresia in identical twins: case report and literature review. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2002;62(3):249‐52. [PUBMED: 11852129] - PubMed
D'Eredita 2008 {published data only}
    1. D’Eredita R, Lens MB. Contact‐diode laser repair of bony choanal atresia: a preliminary report. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2008;72(5):625‐8. [PUBMED: 18304657] - PubMed
Dedo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dedo HH. Transnasal mucosal flap rotation technique for repair of posterior choanal atresia. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2001;124(6):674‐82. [PUBMED: 11391260] - PubMed
Deutsch 1997 {published data only}
    1. Deutsch E, Kaufman M, Eilon A. Transnasal endoscopic management of choanal atresia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1997;40(1):19‐26. [PUBMED: 9184974] - PubMed
Friedman 2000 {published data only}
    1. Friedman NR, Mitchell RB, Bailey CM, Albert DM, Leighton SE. Management and outcome of choanal atresia correction. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2000;52(1):45‐51. [PUBMED: 10699239] - PubMed
Gordts 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gordts F, Clement PA, Rombaux P, Claes J, Daele J. Endoscopic endonasal surgery in choanal atresia. Acta Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngologica Belgica 2000;54(2):191‐200. [PUBMED: 10892509] - PubMed
Gosepath 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gosepath J, Santamaria VE, Lippert BM, Mann WJ. Forty one cases of congenital choanal atresia over 26 years‐‐retrospective analysis of outcome and technique. Rhinology 2007;45(2):158‐63. [PUBMED: 17708465] - PubMed
Gujrathi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Gujrathi CS, Daniel SJ, James AL, Forte V. Management of bilateral choanal atresia in the neonate: an institutional review. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2004;68(4):399‐407. [PUBMED: 15013604] - PubMed
Holland 2001 {published data only}
    1. Holland BW, McGuirt WF Jr. Surgical management of choanal atresia: improved outcome using mitomycin. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2001;127(11):1375‐80. [PUBMED: 11701078] - PubMed
Holzmann 2002 {published data only}
    1. Holzmann D, Ruckstuhl M. Unilateral choanal atresia: surgical technique and long term results. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2002;116(8):601‐4. [PUBMED: 12389687] - PubMed
Josephson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Josephson GD, Vickery CL, Giles WC, Gross CW. Transnasal endoscopic repair of congenital choanal atresia: long‐term results. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 1998;124(5):537‐40. [PUBMED: 9604979] - PubMed
Khafagy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Khafagy YW. Endoscopic repair of bilateral congenital choanal atresia. Laryngoscope 2002;112(2):316‐9. [PUBMED: 11889390] - PubMed
König 2006 {published data only}
    1. König AM. Modified rotation‐flap procedure for revision‐surgery in choanal‐atresia without stenting [abstract]. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2006;31(2):171.
Kubba 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kubba H, Bennett A, Bailey CM. An update on choanal atresia surgery at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children: preliminary results with mitomycin C and the KTP laser. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2004;68(7):939‐45. - PubMed
McLeod 2003 {published data only}
    1. McLeod IK, Brooks DB, Mair EA. Revision choanal atresia repair. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2003;67(5):517‐24. [PUBMED: 12697354] - PubMed
Meer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Meer A, Tschopp K. Choanal atresia in premature dizygotic twins‐‐a transnasal approach with Holmium: YAG‐laser. Rhinology 2000;38(4):191‐4. - PubMed
Nour 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nour YA, Foad H. Swinging door flap technique for endoscopic transeptal repair of bilateral choanal atresia. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 2008;265(11):1341‐7. [PUBMED: 18379813] - PubMed
Önerci 2006 {published data only}
    1. Önerci TM, Yücel OT, Ögretmenoglu O. Transnasal endoscopic surgery in choanal atresia. Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology 2006;17(2):143‐6.
Pasquini 2003 {published data only}
    1. Pasquini E, Sciarretta V, Saggese D, Cantaroni C, Macrì G, Farneti G. Endoscopic treatment of congenital choanal atresia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2003;67(3):271‐6. [PUBMED: 12633927] - PubMed
Rombaux 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rombaux P, Hamoir M, Gilain V, Verellen G, Debauche C, Clapuyt P, et al. Choanal atresia: a retrospective study of 39 cases [Les atrésies choanales : à propos d'une série rétrospective de 39 cas]. Revue de Laryngologie ‐ Otologie ‐ Rhinologie 2001;122(3):147‐54. [PUBMED: 11799853] - PubMed
Rombaux 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rombaux P, Toeuf C, Hamoir M, Eloy P, Bertrand B, Veykemans F. Transnasal repair of unilateral choanal atresia. Rhinology 2003;41(1):31‐6. [PUBMED: 12677738 ] - PubMed
Romero 2007 {published data only}
    1. Romero GP, Cortés TMC, Pinto JMP, Ruiz GT, Palomino AG, Hernandez CP, et al. Endoscopic treatment for choanal atresia [Tratamiento de la atresia de coanas por vía endoscópica]. Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española 2007;58(1):34‐6. [PUBMED: 17371677] - PubMed
Saetti 1998 {published data only}
    1. Saetti R, Emanuelli E, Cutrone C, Barion U, Rimini A, Giusti F, et al. The treatment of choanal atresia [Trattamento dell'atresia coanale]. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 1998;18(5):307. [PUBMED: 10361744] - PubMed
Schoem 2004 {published data only}
    1. Schoem SR. Transnasal endoscopic repair of choanal atresia: why stent?. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2004;131(4):362‐6. [PUBMED: 15467600] - PubMed
Schraff 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schraff SA, Vijayasekaran S, Meinzen‐Derr J, Myer CM. Management of choanal atresia in CHARGE association patients: a retrospective review. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Extra 2006;70(7):1291‐7. [PUBMED: 16481049] - PubMed
Schroeder 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schroeder JW Jr, Watson JD, Walner DL, Silvestri JM. Premature monozygotic twins with bilateral choanal atresia: a case report. Laryngoscope 2006;116(1):149‐50. - PubMed
Sharma 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sharma RK, Lee CA, Gunasekaran S, Knight LC, Bielby M. Stenting for bilateral congenital choanal atresia‐‐a new technique. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2006;70(5):869‐74. [PUBMED: 16293318] - PubMed
Stamm 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stamm AC, Pignatari SS. Nasal septal cross‐over flap technique: a choanal atresia micro‐endoscopic surgical repair. American Journal of Rhinology 2001;15(2):143‐8. [PUBMED: 11345154] - PubMed
Triglia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Triglia JM, Nicollas R, Roman S, Paris J. Choanal atresia: therapeutic management and results in a series of 58 children. Revue de Laryngologie ‐ Otologie ‐ Rhinologie 2003;124(3):139‐43. [PUBMED: 4725128] - PubMed
Tzifa 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tzifa KT, Skinner DW. Endoscopic repair of unilateral choanal atresia with the KTP laser: a one stage procedure. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2001;115(4):286‐8. [PUBMED: 11276330] - PubMed
Uri 2001 {published data only}
    1. Uri N, Greenberg E. Endoscopic repair of choanal atresia: practical operative technique. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2001;22(5):321‐3. [PUBMED: 11562882] - PubMed
Van Den Abbeele 2002 {published data only}
    1. Abbeele T, François M, Narcy P. Transnasal endoscopic treatment of choanal atresia without prolonged stenting. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2002;128(8):936‐40. [PUBMED: 12162774] - PubMed
Westendorff 2007 {published data only}
    1. Westendorff C, Dammann F, Reinert S, Hoffmann J. Computer‐aided surgical treatment of bilateral choanal atresia. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2007;18(3):654‐60. [PUBMED: 17538334 ] - PubMed
Wiatrak 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wiatrak BJ. Unilateral choanal atresia: initial presentation and endoscopic repair. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1998;46(1‐2):27‐35. [PUBMED: 10190702] - PubMed
Yaniv 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yaniv E, Hadar T, Shvero J, Stern Y, Raveh E. Endoscopic transnasal repair of choanal atresia. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2007;71(3):457‐62. [PUBMED: 17207539] - PubMed

Additional references

Agrawal 2006
    1. Agrawal N, Morrison GA. Laryngeal cancer after topical mitomycin C application. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2006;120(12):1075‐6. [PUBMED: 17040596] - PubMed
Assanasen 2009
    1. Assanasen P, Metheetrairut C. Choanal atresia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2009;92(5):699‐706. [PUBMED: 19459535] - PubMed
Beinfied 1959
    1. Beinfield HH. Surgery for bilateral bony atresia of the posterior nares in the newborn. American Medical Association Archives of Otolaryngology 1959;70(1):1‐7. [PUBMED: 13660556] - PubMed
Benjamin 1985
    1. Benjamin B. Evaluation of choanal atresia. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 1985;94(5 Pt 1):429‐32. [PUBMED: 4051396] - PubMed
Brown 1996
    1. Brown OE, Pownell P, Manning SM. Choanal atresia: a new anatomic classification and medical implications. Laryngoscope 1986;106(1 Pt 1):97. [PUBMED: 8544637] - PubMed
Brunk 2008
    1. Stieve M, Kempf HG, Lenarz T. Management of choanal atresia in cases of craniofacial malformation. Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 2009;8(1):52‐4. [35400060308781.0004] - PMC - PubMed
Cedin 2002
    1. Cedin AC, Rocha JF Jr, Depperman MB, Moraes Manzano PA, Murao M, Shimuta AS. Transnasal endoscopic surgery of choanal atresia without the use of stents. Laryngoscope 2002;112(4):750‐2. [PUBMED: 12150534] - PubMed
Cedin 2006
    1. Cedin AC, Fujita R, Cruz OLM. Endoscopic transeptal surgery for choanal atresia with a stentless folded‐over‐flap technique. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2006;135(5):693‐8. [PUBMED: 17071296] - PubMed
Fearon 1968
    1. Fearon B, Dickson J. Bilateral choanal atresia in the newborn: plan of action. Laryngoscope 1968;78(9):1487‐99. [PUBMED: 5683708] - PubMed
Freng 1978
    1. Freng A. Surgical treatment of congenital choanal atresia. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 1978;87(3 Pt 1):346‐50. [PUBMED: 655572] - PubMed
Harner 1981
    1. Harner SG, McDonald TJ, Reese DF. The anatomy of congenital choanal atresia. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 1981;89(7):9. [PUBMED: 6784084] - PubMed
Harris 1997
    1. Harris J, Robert E, Källén B. Epidemiology of choanal atresia with special reference to the CHARGE association. Pediatrics 1997;99(3):363‐7. [PUBMED: 9041289] - PubMed
Hengener 1982
    1. Hengener AS, Strom EM. Choanal atresia: a new embryologic theory and its influence on surgical management. Laryngoscope 1982;92(8 Pt 1):913‐21. [PUBMED: 7098739 ] - PubMed
Hengerer 2008
    1. Hengerer AS, Brickman TM, Jeyakumar A. Choanal atresia: embryologic analysis and evolution of treatment, a 30‐year experience. Laryngoscope 2008;118(5):862‐6. [PUBMED: 18197129] - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1 [updated September 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Lapointe 2008
    1. Lapointe A, Giguère CM, Forest VI, Quintal MC. Treatment of bilateral choanal atresia in the premature infant. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2008;72(5):715‐8. [PUBMED: 18339432] - PubMed
Latour 1997
    1. Latour J, Abraira V, Cabello JB, López Sánchez J. Investigation methods in clinical cardiology. IV. Clinical measurements in cardiology: validity and errors of measurements [Métodos de investigación en cardiología clínica (IV). Las mediciones clínicas en cardiología:validez y errores de medición]. Revista Española de Cardiología 1997;50(2):117‐28. [PUBMED: 9091999] - PubMed
Lazar 1995
    1. Lazar RH, Younis RT. Transnasal repair of choanal atresia using telescopes. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 1995;121(5):517‐20. [PUBMED: 7727084] - PubMed
Maniglia 1981
    1. Maniglia A, Goodwin W. Congenital choanal atresia. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 1981;14(1):167‐73. [PUBMED: 7254838 ] - PubMed
McGovern 1961
    1. McGovern FH. Bilateral choanal atresia in the newborn ‐ a new method of medical management. Laryngoscope 1961;71:480‐3. [PUBMED: 13773952] - PubMed
Osguthorpe 1982
    1. Osguthorpe JD, Singleton GT, Adkins WY. The surgical approach to bilateral choanal atresia. Analysis of 14 cases. Archives of Otolaryngology 1982;108(6):366‐9. [PUBMED: 7092671] - PubMed
Pagon 1981
    1. Pagon RA, Graham JM Jr, Zonana J, Yong SL. Coloboma, congenital heart disease and choanal atresia with multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. Journal of Pediatrics 1981;99(2):223‐7. [PUBMED: 6166737] - PubMed
Park 2000
    1. Park AH, Brockenbrough J, Stankiewicz J. Endoscopic versus traditional approaches to choanal atresia. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2000;33(1):77‐90. [PUBMED: 10637345] - PubMed
Petkovska 2007
    1. Petkovska L, Petkovska I, Ramadan S, Aslam MO. CT evaluation of congenital choanal atresia: our experience and review of the literature. Australasian Radiology 2007;51(3):236‐9. [PUBMED: 17504314] - PubMed
Pirsig 1986
    1. Pirsig W. Surgery of choanal atresia in infants and children: historical notes and updated reviews. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1986;11(2):153. [PUBMED: 3744697] - PubMed
Pocock 1983
    1. Pocock SJ. The size of a clinical trial. In: Pocock SJ editor(s). Clinical Trials, A Practical Approach. 1st Edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1983:123‐41.
RevMan 2011 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
Rudert 1999
    1. Rudert H. Combined transseptal‐transnasal surgery of unilateral choanal atresia without using stents [Kombiniert transseptale‐ttrransnasale chirurgie einseitiger choanalatresien ohne verwendung von platzhaltern]. Laryngo‐Rhino‐Otologie 1999;78(12):697‐702. [PUBMED: 10666697] - PubMed
Samadi 2003
    1. Samadi DS, Shah UK, Handler SD. Choanal atresia: a twenty‐year review of medical comorbidities and surgical outcomes. Laryngoscope 2003;113(2):254‐8. [PUBMED: 12567078] - PubMed
Sanlaville 2007
    1. Sanlaville D, Verloes A. CHARGE syndrome: an update. European Journal of Human Genetics 2007;15(4):389‐99. [PUBMED: 17299439] - PubMed
Stankiewicz 1990
    1. Stankiewicz JA. The endoscopic repair of choanal atresia. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 1990;103(6):931‐7. [PUBMED: 2126127] - PubMed
Stieve 2009
    1. Stieve M, Kempf HG, Lenarz T. Management of choanal atresia in cases of craniofacial malformation. Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 2009;8(1):52‐4. [35400060308781.0004] - PMC - PubMed
Teissier 2008
    1. Teissier N, Kaguelidou F, Couloigner V, François M, Abbeele T. Predictive factors for success after transnasal endoscopic treatment of choanal atresia. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2008;134(1):57‐61. [PUBMED: 18209138] - PubMed
Zuckerman 2008
    1. Zuckerman JD, Zapata S, Sobol SE. Single‐stage choanal atresia repair in the neonate. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2008;134(10):1090‐3. [PUBMED: 18936357] - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources