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Review
. 2012 Apr;14(2):150-8.
doi: 10.1007/s11920-011-0252-9.

The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence

Mary-Anne Enoch  1
Affiliations
Review

The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence

Mary-Anne Enoch. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012 Apr.

Abstract

Alcoholism and drug dependence are common psychiatric disorders with a heritability of about 50%; therefore genetic and environmental influences are equally important. Early-life stress is a predictor of adolescent problem drinking/drug use and alcohol/drug dependence in adulthood, but moderating factors governing the availability of alcohol/drug are important. The risk-resilience balance for addiction may be due in part to the interaction between genetic variation and environment stressors (G × E); this has been confirmed by twin studies of inferred genetic risk. Measured genotype studies to detect G × E effects have used a range of alcohol consumption and diagnostic phenotypes and stressors ranging from early-life to adulthood past year life events. In this article, the current state of the field is critically reviewed and suggestions are put forth for future research.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

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