A brief history of cardiac pacing

Abstract

This article is the first of three articles that will deal with pacing. The history and background leading to pacemakers as we know them is briefly discussed.

Fig. 1

Hippocrates (460 - 375 BC)

Figure 2

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)

Fig. 3

Electric Rays

Figure 4

Geronimo Mercuriale (1530 - 1606)

Figure 5

William Harvey and the circulation

Fig. 6

A pulse diagram by Valentini

Fig. 7

Stimulation device (1788)

Fig. 8

Luigi Galvani (1737 - 1798)

Fig. 9

Galvani's electrostatic nerve stimulator

Fig. 10

Galvani's forceps

Figure 11

Alessandro Volta (1745 - 1827)

Figure 12

The Volta Pile

Figure 13

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1701 - 1802)

Figure 14

Aldini (1762 - 1834)

Fig. 15

Hugo Von Ziemssen (1829 - 1902)

Fig. 16

Catharina Serafin

Fig. 17

Catharina's cardiac activity

Fig. 18

John Mac William

Fig. 19

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682 - 1771)

Fig. 20

William Stokes (1804 - 1878)

Fig. 21

Karel Frederik Wenckebach

Fig. 22

John Hay

Fig. 23

Augustus Desire Waller

Fig. 24

Lippmann

Fig. 25

Lippmann's electrometer

Fig. 26

Waller's recording setup

Fig. 27

First ECG

Fig. 28

Early Waller ECG's and apparatus

Fig. 29

Jimmie with its proud owner

Fig. 30

From the records of the House of Commons

Fig. 31

Willem Einthoven (1860 – 1927)

Fig. 32

Early Einthoven ECG's

Fig. 33

The String Galvanometer

Fig. 34

Einthoven's recording schema

Fig. 35

Einthoven's lab setup with the string galvanometer (two views)

Fig. 36

Einthoven's lab and colleagues

Fig. 37

Early ECG recording technique

Fig. 38

Early Einthoven ECG

Fig. 39

Early ECG machine

Fig. 40

Albert Hyman's “artificial pacemaker”: the two photos

Fig. 41

Hyman's device in a box

Fig. 42

Hyman's electrodes

Fig. 43

Flow diagram of Hyman's “artificial pacemaker”

Fig. 44

Hyman's recordings

Fig. 45

The Hymanotor (Adlanco)

Fig. 46

Wilfred Bigelow

Fig. 47

The Grass stimulator

Fig. 48

John Hopps

Fig. 49

Early external electronic pacemakers

Fig. 50

Paul Zoll and a colleague

Fig. 51

Zoll's external pacemaker

Fig. 52

The PM-65: historic 1958 photo (patient was using the first catheter electrode)

Fig. 53

Early Zoll paced ECG tracings

Fig. 54

Aubrey Leatham

Fig. 55

Earl Bakken

Fig. 56

Medtronic's first building

Fig. 57

Bakken's first lab

Fig. 58

Walton Lillehei

Fig. 59

Myocardial pacing wire and indifferent electrode

Fig. 60

Bakken's circuit

Fig. 61

Bakken's pacemaker with leads

Fig. 62

One of the “first ten”

Fig. 63

Product literature of the “first ten”

Fig. 64

Wearable devices on patients (1958)

Fig. 65

Lillehei with a child being paced

Fig. 66

Lillehei's paper

Fig. 67

Senning's and Elmqvist's paper

Fig. 68

Ake Senning

Fig. 69

Rune Elmqvist

Fig. 70

Arne Larsson

Fig. 71

Elmqvist's circuit

Fig. 72

Mercury Cell

Fig. 73

First implanted pacemaker

Fig. 74

Kiwi Shoe Polish

Fig. 75

Modern replica of Elmqvist's pacemaker

Fig. 76

X-ray of Larsson showing pacemaker and leads

Fig. 77

Elmqvist, Senning and Larsson (left to right)

Fig. 78

Wilson Greatbatch and his circuit

Fig. 79

The “Bow Tie Team”

Fig. 80

Patient with Greatbatch's pacemaker

Fig. 81

Lithium-Iodine Cell

Fig. 82

Inductively-coupled pacing

Fig. 83

External coil and device for inductive device

Fig. 84

Warren Mauston, the first recipient of the Hunter-Roth electrode

Fig. 85

Hunter-Roth electrodes

Fig. 86

Elema lead

Fig. 87

The Elema 135

Fig. 88

The Elema 142 (with non-rechargable cells)

Fig. 89

Zoll device

Fig. 90

Devices of the 60's

Fig. 91

Devices of the 70's

Fig. 92

Modern lithium pacemaker cell

Fig. 93

Nuclear pacemakers with projected longevity

Fig. 94

Devices of the 80's

Fig. 95

Devices of the 90's

Fig. 96

Contemporary devices

Fig. 97

Home monitoring via the World Wide Web

Fig. 98

History of pacing

Fig. 99

The “star” of pacing: the first transistor