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. 2006 Apr;8(2):17-81.

A brief history of cardiac pacing

Affiliations

A brief history of cardiac pacing

O Aquilina. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2006 Apr.

Abstract

This article is the first of three articles that will deal with pacing. The history and background leading to pacemakers as we know them is briefly discussed.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Hippocrates (460 - 375 BC)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Electric Rays
Figure 4
Figure 4
Geronimo Mercuriale (1530 - 1606)
Figure 5
Figure 5
William Harvey and the circulation
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
A pulse diagram by Valentini
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Stimulation device (1788)
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Luigi Galvani (1737 - 1798)
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Galvani's electrostatic nerve stimulator
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Galvani's forceps
Figure 11
Figure 11
Alessandro Volta (1745 - 1827)
Figure 12
Figure 12
The Volta Pile
Figure 13
Figure 13
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1701 - 1802)
Figure 14
Figure 14
Aldini (1762 - 1834)
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Hugo Von Ziemssen (1829 - 1902)
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
Catharina Serafin
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Catharina's cardiac activity
Fig. 18
Fig. 18
John Mac William
Fig. 19
Fig. 19
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682 - 1771)
Fig. 20
Fig. 20
William Stokes (1804 - 1878)
Fig. 21
Fig. 21
Karel Frederik Wenckebach
Fig. 22
Fig. 22
John Hay
Fig. 23
Fig. 23
Augustus Desire Waller
Fig. 24
Fig. 24
Lippmann
Fig. 25
Fig. 25
Lippmann's electrometer
Fig. 26
Fig. 26
Waller's recording setup
Fig. 27
Fig. 27
First ECG
Fig. 28
Fig. 28
Early Waller ECG's and apparatus
Fig. 29
Fig. 29
Jimmie with its proud owner
Fig. 30
Fig. 30
From the records of the House of Commons
Fig. 31
Fig. 31
Willem Einthoven (1860 – 1927)
Fig. 32
Fig. 32
Early Einthoven ECG's
Fig. 33
Fig. 33
The String Galvanometer
Fig. 34
Fig. 34
Einthoven's recording schema
Fig. 35
Fig. 35
Einthoven's lab setup with the string galvanometer (two views)
Fig. 36
Fig. 36
Einthoven's lab and colleagues
Fig. 37
Fig. 37
Early ECG recording technique
Fig. 38
Fig. 38
Early Einthoven ECG
Fig. 39
Fig. 39
Early ECG machine
Fig. 40
Fig. 40
Albert Hyman's “artificial pacemaker”: the two photos
Fig. 41
Fig. 41
Hyman's device in a box
Fig. 42
Fig. 42
Hyman's electrodes
Fig. 43
Fig. 43
Flow diagram of Hyman's “artificial pacemaker”
Fig. 44
Fig. 44
Hyman's recordings
Fig. 45
Fig. 45
The Hymanotor (Adlanco)
Fig. 46
Fig. 46
Wilfred Bigelow
Fig. 47
Fig. 47
The Grass stimulator
Fig. 48
Fig. 48
John Hopps
Fig. 49
Fig. 49
Early external electronic pacemakers
Fig. 50
Fig. 50
Paul Zoll and a colleague
Fig. 51
Fig. 51
Zoll's external pacemaker
Fig. 52
Fig. 52
The PM-65: historic 1958 photo (patient was using the first catheter electrode)
Fig. 53
Fig. 53
Early Zoll paced ECG tracings
Fig. 54
Fig. 54
Aubrey Leatham
Fig. 55
Fig. 55
Earl Bakken
Fig. 56
Fig. 56
Medtronic's first building
Fig. 57
Fig. 57
Bakken's first lab
Fig. 58
Fig. 58
Walton Lillehei
Fig. 59
Fig. 59
Myocardial pacing wire and indifferent electrode
Fig. 60
Fig. 60
Bakken's circuit
Fig. 61
Fig. 61
Bakken's pacemaker with leads
Fig. 62
Fig. 62
One of the “first ten”
Fig. 63
Fig. 63
Product literature of the “first ten”
Fig. 64
Fig. 64
Wearable devices on patients (1958)
Fig. 65
Fig. 65
Lillehei with a child being paced
Fig. 66
Fig. 66
Lillehei's paper
Fig. 67
Fig. 67
Senning's and Elmqvist's paper
Fig. 68
Fig. 68
Ake Senning
Fig. 69
Fig. 69
Rune Elmqvist
Fig. 70
Fig. 70
Arne Larsson
Fig. 71
Fig. 71
Elmqvist's circuit
Fig. 72
Fig. 72
Mercury Cell
Fig. 73
Fig. 73
First implanted pacemaker
Fig. 74
Fig. 74
Kiwi Shoe Polish
Fig. 75
Fig. 75
Modern replica of Elmqvist's pacemaker
Fig. 76
Fig. 76
X-ray of Larsson showing pacemaker and leads
Fig. 77
Fig. 77
Elmqvist, Senning and Larsson (left to right)
Fig. 78
Fig. 78
Wilson Greatbatch and his circuit
Fig. 79
Fig. 79
The “Bow Tie Team”
Fig. 80
Fig. 80
Patient with Greatbatch's pacemaker
Fig. 81
Fig. 81
Lithium-Iodine Cell
Fig. 82
Fig. 82
Inductively-coupled pacing
Fig. 83
Fig. 83
External coil and device for inductive device
Fig. 84
Fig. 84
Warren Mauston, the first recipient of the Hunter-Roth electrode
Fig. 85
Fig. 85
Hunter-Roth electrodes
Fig. 86
Fig. 86
Elema lead
Fig. 87
Fig. 87
The Elema 135
Fig. 88
Fig. 88
The Elema 142 (with non-rechargable cells)
Fig. 89
Fig. 89
Zoll device
Fig. 90
Fig. 90
Devices of the 60's
Fig. 91
Fig. 91
Devices of the 70's
Fig. 92
Fig. 92
Modern lithium pacemaker cell
Fig. 93
Fig. 93
Nuclear pacemakers with projected longevity
Fig. 94
Fig. 94
Devices of the 80's
Fig. 95
Fig. 95
Devices of the 90's
Fig. 96
Fig. 96
Contemporary devices
Fig. 97
Fig. 97
Home monitoring via the World Wide Web
Fig. 98
Fig. 98
History of pacing
Fig. 99
Fig. 99
The “star” of pacing: the first transistor

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