Fine particulate matter constituents and cardiopulmonary mortality in a heavily polluted Chinese city

Abstract

Background: Although ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5); particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) has been linked to adverse human health effects, the chemical constituents that cause harm are unknown. To our knowledge, the health effects of PM(2.5) constituents have not been reported for a developing country.

Objectives: We examined the short-term association between PM(2.5) constituents and daily mortality in Xi'an, a heavily polluted Chinese city.

Methods: We obtained daily mortality data and daily concentrations of PM(2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 10 water-soluble ions for 1 January 2004 through 31 December 2008. We also measured concentrations of fifteen elements 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2008. We analyzed the data using overdispersed generalized linear Poisson models.

Results: During the study period, the mean daily average concentration of PM(2.5) in Xi'an was 182.2 µg/m³. Major contributors to PM(2.5) mass included OC, EC, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. After adjustment for PM(2.5) mass, we found significant positive associations of total, cardiovascular, or respiratory mortality with OC, EC, ammonium, nitrate, chlorine ion, chlorine, and nickel for at least one lag period. Nitrate demonstrated stronger associations with total and cardiovascular mortality than PM(2.5) mass. For a 1-day lag, interquartile range increases in PM(2.5) mass and nitrate (114.9 and 15.4 µg/m³, respectively) were associated with 1.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8%, 2.8%] and 3.8% (95% CI: 1.7%, 5.9%) increases in total mortality.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PM(2.5) constituents from the combustion of fossil fuel may have an appreciable influence on the health effects attributable to PM(2.5) in Xi'an.

Figure 1

Estimated percent increases [mean (95% CI)] in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality per IQR increase in pollutant concentrations on the current day (lag 0) or the previous 1–3 days (lags 1, 2, and 3), adjusted for temporal trend, day of the week, temperature, relative humidity, and SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations.

Figure 2

Estimated percent increases [mean (95% CI)] in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality per IQR increase in pollutant concentrations on the current day (lag 0) or the previous 1–3 days (lags 1, 2, and 3), adjusted for PM_2.5 mass, temporal trend, day of the week, temperature, relative humidity, and SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations.

Figure 3

Exposure–response relationships (smoothing plots) of PM_2.5 against total (A), cardiovascular (B), and respiratory (C) mortality (df= 3) in Xi’an, adjusted for temporal trend, day of the week, temperature, relative humidity, and SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations. The x-axis is the PM_2.5 concentrations (single day lag, L1); the y-axis is the estimated percent change in deaths; the solid blue lines indicate the estimated mean percent change in daily death numbers using the lowest PM_2.5 concentration as the reference level; and the dashed lines represent the 95% CI.