Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2012 Dec;47(6):2353-76.
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01417.x. Epub 2012 Apr 23.

Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians

Darrell J Gaskin  1 , Gniesha Y Dinwiddie, Kitty S Chan, Rachael R McCleary
Affiliations

Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians

Darrell J Gaskin et al. Health Serv Res. 2012 Dec.

Abstract

Objective: To examine the association between residential segregation and geographic access to primary care physicians (PCPs) in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).

Data sources: We combined zip code level data on primary care physicians from the 2006 American Medical Association master file with demographic, socioeconomic, and segregation measures from the 2000 U.S. Census. Our sample consisted of 15,465 zip codes located completely or partially in an MSA.

Methods: We defined PCP shortage areas as those zip codes with no PCP or a population to PCP ratio of >3,500. Using logistic regressions, we estimated the association between a zip code's odds of being a PCP shortage area and its minority composition and degree of segregation in its MSA.

Principal findings: We found that odds of being a PCP shortage area were 67 percent higher for majority African American zip codes but 27 percent lower for majority Hispanic zip codes. The association varied with the degree of segregation. As the degree of segregation increased, the odds of being a PCP shortage area increased for majority African American zip codes; however, the converse was true for majority Hispanic and Asian zip codes.

Conclusions: Efforts to address PCP shortages should target African American communities especially in segregated MSAs.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Impact of Segregation on the Odds Being a Primary Care Physicians Shortage Area for Majority Black Zip Codes
Figure 2
Figure 2
Impact of Segregation on the Odds Being a Primary Care Physicians Shortage Area for Majority Hispanic Zip Codes
Figure 3
Figure 3
Impact of Segregation on the Odds Being a Primary Care Physicians Shortage Area for Majority Asian Zip Codes
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Acevedo-Garcia D. “Residential Segregation and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases”. Social Science & Medicine. 2000;51(8):1143–61. - PubMed
    1. Acevedo-Garcia D. “Zip Code-Level Risk Factors for Tuberculosis: Neighborhood Environment and Residential Segregation in New Jersey, 1985–1992”. American Journal of Public Health. 2001;91(5):734–41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, Subramanian SV. “Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multilevel Approach”. American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93(2):215–21. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alba RD, Logan JR, Bellair PE. “Living in Crime: Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location”. Social Forces. 1994;73(2):395–434.
    1. Barnes JS, Bennett CE. The Asian Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief No. C2KBR/01-16) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau; 2002.

Publication types

MeSH terms