Paradigm shift in toxicity testing and modeling

Abstract

The limitations of traditional toxicity testing characterized by high-cost animal models with low-throughput readouts, inconsistent responses, ethical issues, and extrapolability to humans call for alternative strategies for chemical risk assessment. A new strategy using in vitro human cell-based assays has been designed to identify key toxicity pathways and molecular mechanisms leading to the prediction of an in vivo response. The emergence of quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) technology has proved to be an efficient way to decompose complex toxicological end points to specific pathways of targeted organs. In addition, qHTS has made a significant impact on computational toxicology in two aspects. First, the ease of mechanism of action identification brought about by in vitro assays has enhanced the simplicity and effectiveness of machine learning, and second, the high-throughput nature and high reproducibility of qHTS have greatly improved the data quality and increased the quantity of training datasets available for predictive model construction. In this review, the benefits of qHTS routinely used in the US Tox21 program will be highlighted. Quantitative structure-activity relationships models built on traditional in vivo data and new qHTS data will be compared and analyzed. In conjunction with the transition from the pilot phase to the production phase of the Tox21 program, more qHTS data will be made available that will enrich the data pool for predictive toxicology. It is perceivable that new in silico toxicity models based on high-quality qHTS data will achieve unprecedented reliability and robustness, thus becoming a valuable tool for risk assessment and drug discovery.

Fig. 1

The Tox21 robotic system. There are a series of peripherals and workstations arranged around a central anthropomorphic robotic arm. The main components include the Kalypsys Director software, a pin tool device for nanoliter compound transfer, plate storage and environmentally controlled assay incubation units, nanoliter reagent dispensers (BioRPTR, Multidrop, acoustic/noncontact (ATS-100)), a centrifuge (V-spin), and plate readers (ViewLux and EnVision)

Fig. 2

a–c Graphics illustrating the increasing complexity level of concepts

Fig. 3

A picture elucidating the concept of applicability domain (AD) and the increased deviation outside of AD