Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers

Abstract

Rationale: Emerging evidence suggests that the α4β2 form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulates the rewarding effects of alcohol. The nAChR α4β2 subunit partial agonist varenicline (Chantix™), which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for smoking cessation, also decreases ethanol consumption in rodents (Steensland et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12518-12523, 2007) and in human laboratory and open-label studies (Fucito et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215:655-663, 2011; McKee et al., Biol Psychiatry 66:185-190 2009).

Objectives: We present a randomized, double-blind, 16-week study in heavy-drinking smokers (n = 64 randomized to treatment) who were seeking treatment for their smoking. The study was designed to determine the effects of varenicline on alcohol craving and consumption. Outcome measures included number of alcoholic drinks per week, cigarettes per week, amount of alcohol craving per week, cumulative cigarettes and alcoholic drinks consumed during the treatment period, number of abstinent days, and weekly percentage of positive ethyl glucuronide and cotinine screens.

Results: Varenicline significantly decreases alcohol consumption (χ (2) = 35.32, p < 0.0001) in smokers. Although varenicline has previously been associated with suicidality and depression, side effects were low in this study and declined over time in the varenicline treatment group.

Conclusions: Varenicline can produce a sustained decrease in alcohol consumption in individuals who also smoke. Further studies are warranted to assess varenicline efficacy in treatment-seeking alcohol abusers who do not smoke and to ascertain the relationship between varenicline effects on smoking and drinking.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01011907.

Fig. 1

Varenicline effects on smoking and alcohol consumption. Varenicline significantly decreases a cumulative cigarette consumption (p = 0.005, n = 35) and b cumulative alcohol consumption (p = 0.0288, n = 34). c Varenicline significantly reduced average number of cigarettes smoked from weeks 3 to 11 (χ ² = 182.23, p < .00001). d Varenicline significantly reduced average number of drinks consumed from weeks 3 to 11 (χ ² = 35.32, p < .0001)