Substituting homemade fruit juice for sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among Hispanic adults

Abstract

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, studies conducted on Hispanic adults are scarce. To determine the association between beverages consumed by Hispanic adults and MetS and its components, data were analyzed in 1872 Costa Rican adults who served as controls of a population-based, case-control study of coronary heart disease. Multivariate-adjusted means were calculated for components of MetS by servings (never, ≤ 1/wk; 2-6/wk, ≥ 1/d) of 2 traditional fruit-based beverages ("fresco" and freshly-squeezed homemade fruit juice, separately) and 2 SSB (instant drinks and regular sodas, separately and combined). The prevalence ratio (PR) of MetS was calculated for each beverage and the OR was calculated by substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice or water for one of SSB. Significant positive trends were observed for increasing servings of instant drinks with plasma TG and waist circumference and for regular soda with waist circumference (all P-trend < 0.001). Increasing servings of homemade fruit juice were positively associated with HDL cholesterol (P-trend = 0.033). Consuming ≥1 serving/d of instant drinks was associated with a higher PR of MetS [1.42 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.83)] compared with no consumption. Substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice for instant drink was associated with 29% (95% CI: 7, 47%) lower odds of MetS and for regular soda with 30% (95% CI: 1, 50%) lower odds. Substituting water for combined SSB was marginally significant (OR = 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.00). In conclusion, reducing the consumption of SSB and substituting them with homemade fruit juices in moderation may be a culturally appropriate approach to lower MetS among Hispanic adults.

FIGURE 1

OR (95% CI) of MetS by substituting one serving of instant drink, regular soda, or combined SSB for either homemade fruit juice or water among Costa Rican adults. Instant drink: instant sugary powdered mix prepared with water, or a juice box; regular soda: nondiet, carbonated beverages with or without caffeine; combined SSB: instant drink and regular soda; homemade fruit juice: 100% juice from freshly squeezed fruit, not mixed with other ingredients, does not include commercial juices. Model was adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, income, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, dietary fiber, PUFA:SFA ratio, sugar added to food or beverages, caffeine, low-fat milk, fruit consumption, and other beverages depending on the model, n = 1872. MetS, metabolic syndrome; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.