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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2012 May 3:344:e3042.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3042.

Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial

Markus Waldén  1 , Isam Atroshi, Henrik Magnusson, Philippe Wagner, Martin Hägglund
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial

Markus Waldén et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in reducing the rate of acute knee injury in adolescent female football players.

Design: Stratified cluster randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation.

Setting: 230 Swedish football clubs (121 in the intervention group, 109 in the control group) were followed for one season (2009, seven months).

Participants: 4564 players aged 12-17 years (2479 in the intervention group, 2085 in the control group) completed the study.

Intervention: 15 minute neuromuscular warm-up programme (targeting core stability, balance, and proper knee alignment) to be carried out twice a week throughout the season.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury; secondary outcomes were rates of severe knee injury (>4 weeks' absence) and any acute knee injury.

Results: Seven players (0.28%) in the intervention group, and 14 (0.67%) in the control group had an anterior cruciate ligament injury. By Cox regression analysis according to intention to treat, a 64% reduction in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury was seen in the intervention group (rate ratio 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.85). The absolute rate difference was -0.07 (95% confidence interval -0.13 to 0.001) per 1000 playing hours in favour of the intervention group. No significant rate reductions were seen for secondary outcomes.

Conclusions: A neuromuscular warm-up programme significantly reduced the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescent female football players. However, the absolute rate difference did not reach statistical significance, possibly owing to the small number of events.

Trial registration: Clinical trials NCT00894595.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: MW, HM, and MH had financial support from the Swedish Football Association and the Folksam Insurance Company; MW and MH received research grants from the Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports and IA received a grant from the Hässleholm Hospital for the submitted work; MW and MH have been paid by the Swedish Football Association for constituting the medical staff of the Swedish male under 19 national team; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

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Flow of clubs through trial
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

    1. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. FIFA Big Count 2006: 270 million people active in football. 2007. www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/media/news/newsid=529882/index.html.
    1. United States Youth Soccer Association. Largest youth sports organization celebrates 35th anniversary. 2009. www.usyouthsoccer.org/aboutus/History.asp.
    1. Swedish Football Association. Rekordmånga fotbollsspelare i Sverige [Record number of football players in Sweden]. 2006. http://svenskfotboll.se/arkiv/tidigare/2006/11/rekordmanga-fotbollsspela....
    1. Söderman K, Pietilä T, Alfredson H, Werner S. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in young females playing soccer at senior levels. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002;12:65-8. - PubMed
    1. Waldén M, Hägglund M, Magnusson H, Ekstrand J. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in elite football: a prospective three-cohort study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:11-9. - PubMed

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