The undiagnosed cases of Clostridium difficile infection in a whole nation: where is the problem?

Abstract

Underdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) because of lack of clinical suspicion or the use of non-sensitive diagnostic techniques is a known problem whose real magnitude has not yet been quantified. In order to estimate the extent of this underdiagnosis, we performed C. difficile cultures on all unformed stool specimens sent-irrespective of the type of request-to a series of laboratories in Spain on a single day. The specimens were cultured, and isolates were characterized at a central reference laboratory. A total of 807 specimens from 730 patients aged ≥ 2 years were selected from 118 laboratories covering 75.4% of the Spanish population. The estimated rate of hospital-acquired CDI was 2.4 episodes per 1000 admissions or 3.8 episodes per 10,000 patient-days. Only half of the episodes occurred in patients hospitalized for >2 days. Two of every three episodes went undiagnosed or were misdiagnosed, owing to non-sensitive diagnostic tests (19.0%) or lack of clinical suspicion and request (47.6%; mostly young people or non-hospitalized patients). The main ribotypes were 014/020 (20.5%), 001 (18.2%), and 126/078 (18.2%). No ribotype 027 strains were detected. Strains were fully susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. CDI was underdiagnosed in diarrhoeic stools in a high proportion of episodes, owing to the use of non-sensitive techniques or lack of clinical suspicion, particularly in people aged <65 years or patients with community-acquired diarrhoea. C. difficile toxins should be routinely sought in unformed stools of any origin sent for microbiological diagnosis. The ribotype 027 clone has not yet disseminated in Spain.