Effect of accelerated electron beam on mechanical properties of human cortical bone: influence of different processing methods

Abstract

Accelerated electron beam (EB) irradiation has been a sufficient method used for sterilisation of human tissue grafts for many years in a number of tissue banks. Accelerated EB, in contrast to more often used gamma photons, is a form of ionizing radiation that is characterized by lower penetration, however it is more effective in producing ionisation and to reach the same level of sterility, the exposition time of irradiated product is shorter. There are several factors, including dose and temperature of irradiation, processing conditions, as well as source of irradiation that may influence mechanical properties of a bone graft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect e-beam irradiation with doses of 25 or 35 kGy, performed on dry ice or at ambient temperature, on mechanical properties of non-defatted or defatted compact bone grafts. Left and right femurs from six male cadaveric donors, aged from 46 to 54 years, were transversely cut into slices of 10 mm height, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bone. Compact bone rings were assigned to the eight experimental groups according to the different processing method (defatted or non-defatted), as well as e-beam irradiation dose (25 or 35 kGy) and temperature conditions of irradiation (ambient temperature or dry ice). Axial compression testing was performed with a material testing machine. Results obtained for elastic and plastic regions of stress-strain curves examined by univariate analysis are described. Based on multivariate analysis, including all groups, it was found that temperature of e-beam irradiation and defatting had no consistent significant effect on evaluated mechanical parameters of compact bone rings. In contrast, irradiation with both doses significantly decreased the ultimate strain and its derivative toughness, while not affecting the ultimate stress (bone strength). As no deterioration of mechanical properties was observed in the elastic region, the reduction of the energy absorption capacity of irradiated bone rings apparently resulted from changes generated by irradiation within the plastic strain region.

Fig. 1

Preparing of bone rings

Fig. 2

Correlation between six phantom ring cross-sectional areas estimated by CT and measured manually using CALIPER

Fig. 3

Typical load-deformation curve from the compression tests

Fig. 4

Maximum load (structural property) values from bone compression tests. No significant differences were found as compared to the control group

Fig. 5

Mechanical parameters referring to the material properties of bone rings within elastic region of stress–strain curves. Significant differences are marked with asterisks. The level of significance is shown below the figure. Data shown as mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05. **0.001 < p < 0.01

Fig. 6

Mechanical parameters referring to the material properties of bone rings within both elastic and plastic region of stress–strain curves. Significant differences are marked with asterisks. The level of significance is shown below the figure. Data shown as mean ± SD. *p ≤ 0.05. **0.001 < p < 0.01