Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2012 May 16;2012(5):CD000214.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000214.pub2.

Training health professionals in smoking cessation

Kristin V Carson  1 , Marjolein E A Verbiest, Mathilde R Crone, Malcolm P Brinn, Adrian J Esterman, Willem J J Assendelft, Brian J Smith
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Training health professionals in smoking cessation

Kristin V Carson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death world wide. There is good evidence that brief interventions from health professionals can increase smoking cessation attempts. A number of trials have examined whether skills training for health professionals can lead them to have greater success in helping their patients who smoke.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of training health care professionals in the delivery of smoking cessation interventions to their patients, and to assess the additional effects of training characteristics such as intervention content, delivery method and intensity.

Search methods: The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialised Register, electronic databases and the bibliographies of identified studies were searched and raw data was requested from study authors where needed. Searches were updated in March 2012.

Selection criteria: Randomized trials in which the intervention was training of health care professionals in smoking cessation. Trials were considered if they reported outcomes for patient smoking at least six months after the intervention. Process outcomes needed to be reported, however trials that reported effects only on process outcomes and not smoking behaviour were excluded.

Data collection and analysis: Information relating to the characteristics of each included study for interventions, participants, outcomes and methods were extracted by two independent reviewers. Studies were combined in a meta-analysis where possible and reported in narrative synthesis in text and table.

Main results: Of seventeen included studies, thirteen found no evidence of an effect for continuous smoking abstinence following the intervention. Meta-analysis of 14 studies for point prevalence of smoking produced a statistically and clinically significant effect in favour of the intervention (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.55, p= 0.004). Meta-analysis of eight studies that reported continuous abstinence was also statistically significant (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.03, p= 0.03).Healthcare professionals who had received training were more likely to perform tasks of smoking cessation than untrained controls, including: asking patients to set a quit date (p< 0.0001), make follow-up appointments (p< 0.00001), counselling of smokers (p< 0.00001), provision of self-help material (p< 0.0001) and prescription of a quit date (p< 0.00001). No evidence of an effect was observed for the provision of nicotine gum/replacement therapy.

Authors' conclusions: Training health professionals to provide smoking cessation interventions had a measurable effect on the point prevalence of smoking, continuous abstinence and professional performance. The one exception was the provision of nicotine gum or replacement therapy, which did not differ between groups.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias judgement presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 2 Patient asked to set a quit date.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 3 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 4 Number of smokers counselled.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 6 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 The effect of training health professionals on patient smoking cessation, Outcome 7 Number of smokers prescribed a quit date.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sub‐group: treatment type, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sub‐group: treatment type, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sub‐group: treatment type, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sub‐group: treatment type, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Sub‐group: treatment type, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Number of sessions, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Number of sessions, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Number of sessions, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Number of sessions, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Number of sessions, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Total exposure, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Total exposure, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Total exposure, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Total exposure, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sub‐group: treatment intensity ‐ Total exposure, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sub‐group: mode of intervention delivery, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sub‐group: mode of intervention delivery, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sub‐group: mode of intervention delivery, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sub‐group: mode of intervention delivery, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Sub‐group: mode of intervention delivery, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sub‐group: behavioural change technique used, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sub‐group: behavioural change technique used, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sub‐group: behavioural change technique used, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sub‐group: behavioural change technique used, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Sub‐group: behavioural change technique used, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sub‐group: type of professional being trained, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sub‐group: type of professional being trained, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sub‐group: type of professional being trained, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sub‐group: type of professional being trained, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sub‐group: type of professional being trained, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Sub‐group: length of follow‐up, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Sub‐group: length of follow‐up, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Sub‐group: length of follow‐up, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Sub‐group: length of follow‐up, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Sub‐group: length of follow‐up, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Sub‐group: risk of bias in the studies, Outcome 1 Patient asked to set a quit date.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Sub‐group: risk of bias in the studies, Outcome 2 Patient asked to make a follow‐up appointment.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Sub‐group: risk of bias in the studies, Outcome 3 Number of smokers counselled.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Sub‐group: risk of bias in the studies, Outcome 4 Number of smokers receiving self‐help material.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Sub‐group: risk of bias in the studies, Outcome 5 Number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Cohen (Dent) 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cohen SJ, Stooky GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Christen AG. Helping smokers quit: a randomized controlled trial with private practice dentists. J Am Dent Assoc 1989;118:41‐5. - PubMed
    1. Cohen SJ, Stooky GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Smith DM. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomised, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:648‐52. - PubMed
Cohen (Doc) 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, Drook CA, Davis BJ, Smith DM, et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health 1987;77:313‐316. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cohen SJ, Stooky GK, Katz BP, Drook CA, Smith DM. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomised, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:648‐52. - PubMed
Cornuz 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cornuz J, Humair JP, Seematter L, Stalder H, Pecoud A. A randomized controlled trial of resident training in smoking cessation using standardized patients. 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health 6‐11 August Chicago Abstract book. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2000.
    1. Cornuz J, Humair JP, Seematter L, Stoianov R, Melle GV, Stalder H, Pecoud A. Efficacy of resident training in smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled trial of a program based on application of behavioral theory and practice with standardized patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136:429‐37. - PubMed
    1. Cornuz J, Humair JP, Seematter L, Stoianov R, Melle G, Stalder H, Pecoud A. Summaries for Patients: Effect of a training program for resident physicians in improving success rate in helping patients quit smoking. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136(6):I‐31.
    1. Cornuz J, Zellweger JP, Mounoud C, Decrey H, Pecoud A, Burnand B. Smoking cessation counseling by residents in an outpatient clinic. Preventive Medicine 1997;26:292‐6. - PubMed
    1. Humair J, Sadowski J, Zellweger J, Kuenzi B, Burkhalter A, Cornuz J. Dissemination of an effective smoking cessation training program for Swiss primary care physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;20(Supplement 1):31.
Cummings (Priv) 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cummings SR, Richard RJ, Duncan CL, Hansen B, Vander Martin R, Gerber B, et al. Training physicians about smoking cessation: a controlled trial in private practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4:482‐9. - PubMed
Cummings 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cummings SR, Coates TJ, Richard RJ, Hansen B, Zahnd EG, Vander Martin R, et al. Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110:640‐7. - PubMed
Gordon 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gordon JS, Albert DA, Andrews JA, Crews KM, Payne TJ, Severson HH. Tobacco cessation in public dental clinics: short‐term outcomes. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th annual Meeting. Portland, Oregon, 2008 Feb 26‐ Mar 1.
    1. Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Albert DA, Crews KM, Payne TJ, Severson HH. Tobacco Cessation via Public Dental Clinics: Results of a Randomized Trial. American Journal of Public Health 2010;100(7):1307‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Hymowitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hymowitz N, Schwab J, Haddock CK, Burd KM, Pyle S. The Pediatric Residency Training on Tobacco Project: baseline findings from the resident tobacco survey and observed structured clinical examinations. Preventive Medicine 2004;39:507‐16. - PubMed
    1. Hymowitz N, Schwab J, Haddock CK, Pyle S, Meshberg S. The Pediatric Resident Training on Tobacco Project: Interim Findings. Journal of the National Medical Association Feb 2006;92(8):190‐203. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hymowitz N, Schwab J, Haddock CK, Pyle S, Meshberg S. The pediatric residency training on tobacco project: baseline findings from the patient tobacco survey. Preventive Medicine 2005;41:159‐66. - PubMed
    1. Hymowitz N, Schwab J, Haddock CK, Pyle S, Moore G, Meshberg S. The pediatric resident training on tobacco project: baseline findings from the Parent/Guardian Tobacco Survey. Preventive Medicine 2005;41:334‐41. - PubMed
    1. Hymowitz N, Schwab JV, Haddock CK, Pyle SA, Schwab LM. The pediatric residency training on tobacco project: four‐year resident outcome findings. Preventive Medicine 2007;45(6):481‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Joseph 2004 {published data only}
    1. Joseph AM, Arikian NJ, An LC, Nugent SM, Sloan RJ, Pieper CF and the GIFT Research Group. Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Intervention to Implement Smoking Guidelines in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Medical Care 2004;42(11):1100‐10. - PubMed
Kottke 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kottke TE, Brekke ML, Solberg LI, Hughes JR. A randomised controlled trial to increase smoking intervention by physicians. Doctors helping smokers, round 1. JAMA 1989;261:2101‐6. - PubMed
Lennox 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lennox AS, Bain N, Taylor RJ, McKie L, Donnan PT, Groves J. Stages of Change training for opportunistic smoking intervention by the primary health care team. Part I: randomised controlled trial of the effect of training on patient smoking outcomes and health professional behaviour as recalled by patients. Health Educ J 1998;57:140‐149.
Sinclair 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sinclair HK, Bond CM, Lennox AS. The long‐term learning effect of training in stage of change for smoking cessation: a three year follow up of community pharmacy staff's knowledge and attitudes. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 1999;7:1‐11.
    1. Sinclair HK, Bond CM, Lennox AS, Silcock J, Winfield AJ, Donnan PT. Training pharmacists and pharmacy assistants in the stage‐of‐change model of smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. Tob Control 1998;7:253‐261. - PMC - PubMed
Strecher 1991 {published data only}
    1. Campbell EE, Lyles MF, Strecher VJ, Gonzalez JJ. Teaching smoking cessation counseling skills to resident physicians. Clin Res 1989;37:805A.
    1. Campbell EE, Villagra VG, Rgers CS and Other Members of the North Carolina Primary Care Research Consortium. Teaching and promoting smoking cessation counseling in primary care residencies: description of a method. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1991;3(1):20‐7.
    1. Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:9‐17. - PubMed
Swartz 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Swartz S, Cowan T. A Randomized Trial of Academic Profiling increases provider tobacco intervention. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. Orlando, Florida, 2006.
    1. Swartz S, Cowan T, Thompson D, Leighton A, Goldstein M, DePue J, Salem‐Schatz S. A Randomized Trial of Academic Profiling to Increase Tobacco Interventions in Primary Care. Supplied by author.
    1. Swartz S, Cowan T, Thompson D, Leighton A, Goldstein M, DePue J, Salem‐Schatz S. Academic Detailing and Data Feedback to Increase Tobacco Treatment. Supplied by author.
    1. Swartz SH, Cowan TM, DePue J, Goldstein G. Academic profiling of tobacco‐related performance measures in primary care. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2002;4(S1):S39‐45. [DOI: 10.1080/14622200210128018] - DOI - PubMed
Twardella 2007 {published data only}
    1. Breitling LP, Twardella D, Raum E, Brenner H. Situational Temptation Scores and Smoking Cessation in General Care. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(2):362‐7. [DOI: 10.1037/a0015715] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Salize HJ, Merkel S, Reinhard I, Twardella D, Mann K, Brenner J. Cost‐effective primary care‐based strategies to improve smoking cessation: more value for money. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(3):230‐5. - PubMed
    1. Twardella D, Brenner H. Effects of practitioner education, practitioner payment and reimbursement of patients' drug costs on smoking cessation in primary care: a cluster randomised trial. Tobacco Control 2007;16:15‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Unrod 2007 {published data only}
    1. Unrod M, Smith M, Spring B, DePue J, Redd W, Winkel G. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computer‐Based, Tailored Intervention to Increase Smoking Cessation Counseling by Primary Care Physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22:478‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wang WD. Feasibility and effectiveness of a stages‐of‐change model in cigarette smoking cessation counseling. J Formos Med Assoc 1994;93:752‐757. - PubMed
Wilson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lindsay EA, Wilson DM, Best JA, Willms DG, Singer J, Gilbert JR, Taylor DW. A randomized trial of physician training for smoking cessation. Am J Health Promot 1989;3:11‐8. - PubMed
    1. Wilson DM, Taylor DW, Gilbert JR, Best JA, Lindsay EA, Willms DG, Singer J. A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation. JAMA 1988;260:1570‐4. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Albert 2006 {published data only}
    1. Albert DA. Tobacco and the Dental Office: Encouraging Patients to Quit. http://ncth.confex.com/ncth/viewHandout.epl?uploadid=679 [accessed 17/03/2011].
    1. Albert DA, Gordon J, Andrews J, Severson H, Ward A, Sadowsky D. Use of electronic continuing education in dental offices for tobacco cessation. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
Allen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Allen B, Pederson LL, Leonard EH. Effectiveness of physicians‐in‐training counseling for smoking cessation in African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association 1998;90:597‐604. - PMC - PubMed
Andrews 1999 {published data only}
    1. Andrews JA, Severson HH, Lichtenstein E, Gordon JS, Barckley MF. Evaluation of a dental office tobacco cessation program: effects of smokeless tobacco use. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1999;21(1):48‐53. - PubMed
Andrews 2001 {published data only}
    1. Andrews JO, Tingen MS, Waller JL, Harper RJ. Provider feedback improves adherence with AHCPR Smoking Cessation Guideline. Preventive Medicine 2001;33:415‐21. - PubMed
Ballbe 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ballbe M, Mondon S, Nieva G, Walther M, Salto E, Gual A. Evaluation of a training programme for health professionals on smoking cessation in hospitalized patients [Evaluacion de un programa de formacion de profesionales sanitarios sobre abordaje del tabaquismo en pacientes hospitalizados]. Adicciones 2008;20:125‐30. - PubMed
Bernstein 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein SL, Boudreaux ED, Cabral L, Cydulka RK, Schwegman D, Larkin GL, et al. Efficacy of a brief intervention to improve emergency physicians' smoking cessation counseling skills, knowledge, and attitudes. Substance Abuse 2009;30:158‐81. - PubMed
Bobo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bobo JK, Anderson JR, Bowman A. Training chemical dependency counselors to treat nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors 1997;22:23‐30. - PubMed
Campbell 1997 {published data only}
    1. Campbell HS, Petty TL, Meadows LM, Simpson L, Jannett PA. Improving tobacco cessation services in rural dental offices ‐ recruitment to a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Community Dentistry 1997;12(2):15‐22.
Caplan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Caplan L, Stout C, Blumenthal DS. Training physicians to do office‐based smoking cessation increases adherence to PHS guidelines. Journal of Community Health 2011;36(2):238‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Carney 1995 {published data only}
    1. Carney PA, Dietrich AJ, Freeman DH Jr, Mott LA. A standardized‐patient assessment of a continuing medical education program to improve physicians' cancer‐control clinical skills. Academic Medicine 1995;70(1):52‐8. - PubMed
Cockburn 1992 {published data only}
    1. Cockburn J, Ruth D, Silagy C, Dobbin M, Reid Y, Scollo M, et al. Randomised trial of three approaches for marketing smoking cessation programmes to Australian general practitioners. BMJ 1992;304:691‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Depue 2002 {published data only}
    1. Depue JD, Goldstein MG, Schilling A, Reiss P, Papandonatos G, Sciamanna C, et al. Dissemination of the AHCPR clinical practice guideline in community health centres. Tobacco Control 2002;11:329‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Dietrich 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dietrich AJ, O'Connor GT, Keller A, Carney PA, Levy D, Whaley FS. Cancer: improving early detection and prevention. A community practice randomised trial. British Medical Journal 1992;304(6828):687‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Dunkley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dunkley J. Training midwives to help pregnant women stop smoking. Nursing Times Jan 1997;93(5):1‐3. - PubMed
Etter 2000 {published data only}
    1. Etter JF, Rielle JC, Perneger TV. Labeling smokers' charts with a "smoker" sticker: results of a randomized controlled trial among private practitioners. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2000;15(6):421‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Etter 2006 {published data only}
    1. Etter JF. Impact of educational outreach visits on smoking cessation activities performed by specialist physicians: A randomized trial. Education for Heatlh 2006;19(2):155‐65. - PubMed
Giuntini 2001 {published data only}
    1. Giuntini C, Barrueco M, Astbury C, Hider AE, Hogue SL. Involvement of healthcare professionals in a smoking cessation programme positively benefit attitudes towards smoking. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd Europe Conference, Paris, 19‐22 September. 2001.
Goldberg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg DN, Hoffman AM, Farinha MF, Marder DC, Tinson‐Mitchem L, Burton D, Smith EG. Physician delivery of smoking‐cessation advice based on the stages‐of‐change model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1994;10:267‐74. - PubMed
Gordon 2005a {published data only}
    1. Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Severson HH. The impact of a brief tobacco‐use cessation intervention in public health dental clinics. Journal of the American Dental Association 2005;136:179‐86. - PubMed
Gordon 2005b {published data only}
    1. Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Lichtenstein E, Severson HH, Akers L. Disseminating a smokeless tobacco cessation intervention model to dental hygienists: A randomized comparison of personalized instruction and self‐study methods. Health Psychology 2005;24:447‐55. - PubMed
Graham 2011 {published data only}
    1. Graham GF. Nursing student training, perception, and behavior in tobacco cessation counseling: A randomized experimental study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2011;71(7‐B):4171.
Guo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Guo FR, Hung LY, Chang CJ, Leung KK, Chen CY. The evaluation of a Taiwanese training program in smoking cessation and the trainees' adherence to a practice guideline. BMC Public Health 2010;10:77. - PMC - PubMed
Haresaku 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haresaku S, Hanioka T, Yamamoto M, Ojima M. Impact of a tobacco curriculum on smoking behavior and attitudes toward smoking in dental students in Japan: a three‐year follow‐up study. International Dental Journal 2010;60(2):99‐105. - PubMed
Keller 2000 {published data only}
    1. Keller S, Donnerbanzhoff N, Kaluza G, Baum E, Basler HD. Improving physician‐delivered counseling in a primary care setting: Lessons from a failed attempt. Education for Health 2000;13(3):387‐97. - PubMed
Kerr 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kerr S, Whyte R, Watson H, Tolson D, McFadyen AK. A mixed‐method evaluation of the effectiveness of tailored smoking cessation training for healthcare practitioners who work with older people. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2011;8(3):177. - PubMed
Leong 2008 {published data only}
    1. Leong SL, Lewis PR, Curry WJ, Gingrich DL. Tobacco world: evaluation of a tobacco cessation training program for third‐year medical students. Academic Medicine Oct 2008;83(10 Suppl):S25‐8. - PubMed
Lindsay 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lindsay EA, Hymowitz N, Giffen C, Purcell T, Pomrehan P, Pechacek T. Tobacco control activities of primary‐care physicians in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. COMMIT Research Group. Tobacco Control 1997;6(Suppl 2):S49‐56. - PMC - PubMed
Little 2009 {published data only}
    1. Little SJ, Hollis JF, Fellows JL, Snyder JJ, Dickerson JF. Implementing a tobacco assisted referral program in dental practices. Journal of Public Heatlh Dentistry 2009;69(3):149‐55. - PubMed
Manfredi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Manfredi C, Cho YI, Warnecke R, Saunders S, Sullivan M. Dissemination strategies to improve implementation of the PHS smoking cessation guideline in MCH public health clinics: experimental evaluation results and contextual factors. Health Education Research 2011;26(2):349‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Martin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Martin BA, Bruskiewitz RH, Chewning BA. Effect of a tobacco cessation continuing professional education program on pharmacists' confidence, skills, and practice‐change behaviors. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association Jan 2010;50(1):9‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Matten 2011 {published data only}
    1. Matten P, Morrison V, Rutledge DN, Chen T, Chung E, Wong SF. Evaluation of tobacco cessation classes aimed at hospital staff nurses. Oncology Nursing Forum 2011;38(1):67‐73. - PubMed
McEwen 2002 {published data only}
    1. McEwen A, Preston A, West R. Effect of a GP desktop resource on smoking cessation activities of general practitioners. Addiction 2002;97(5):595‐7. - PubMed
McEwen 2006 {published data only}
    1. McEwen A, West R, Preston A. Triggering anti‐smoking advice by GPs: Mode of action of an intervention stimulating smoking cessation advice by GPs. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;62:89‐94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2005.06.008] - DOI - PubMed
McIntosh 2004 {published data only}
    1. McIntosh S, Ossip‐Klein DJ, Hazel‐Fernandez L, Spada J, McDonald PW, Klein JD. Recruitment of physician offices for an office‐based adolescent smoking cessation study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(3):405‐12. - PubMed
McRobbie 2008 {published data only}
    1. McRobbie H, Hajek P, Feder G, Eldridge S. A cluster‐randomised controlled trial of a brief training session to facilitate general practitioner referral to smoking cessation treatment. Tobacco Control 2008;17:173‐6. - PubMed
Meyer 2008 {published data only}
    1. Meyer C, Ulbricht S, Baumeister SE, Schumann A, Ruge J, Bischof G, Rumpf HJ, John U. Proactive interventions for smoking cessation in general medical practice: a quasi‐randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of computer‐tailored letters and physician‐delivered brief advice. Addiction 2008;103:294‐304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02031.x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moore 2005 {published data only}
    1. Moore E, Keerbs A. The impact of training medical assistants to provide smoking cessation counseling to an underserved patient population. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2005;53:S81.
Morgan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Morgan GD, Noll EL, Orleans CT, Rimer BK, Amfoh K, Bonney G. Reaching midlife and older smokers ‐ tailored interventions for routine medical care. Preventive Medicine 1996;25:346‐54. - PubMed
Moss 2009 {published data only}
    1. Moss DR, Cluss PA, Watt‐Morse M, Pike F. Targeting pregnant and parental smokers: Long‐term outcomes of a practice‐based intervention. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(3):278‐85. - PubMed
Ockene 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Adams A, Pbert L, Luippold R, Hebert JR, Quirk M, Kalan K. The Physician‐Delivered Smoking Intervention Project: factors that determine how much the physician intervenes with smokers. J Gen Intern Med 1994;9:379‐84. - PubMed
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Amick TL, Pekow PS, Hosmer D, et al. Increasing the efficacy of physician‐delivered smoking interventions: a randomized clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:1‐8. - PubMed
Patwardhan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Patwardhan P, Chewing B. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a multimodal training intervention on brief tobacco cessation counseling in community chain pharmacies. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2010;50(2):260.
Pereira 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pereira BC, Stoebner‐Dalbarre A, Gourgou S, Sancho‐Garnier H, Rijnoveanu A, Slama K, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a continuing education programme ‐ Smoking cessation intervention. European Journal of Epidemiology 2006;21:99.
Prokhorov 2010 {published data only}
    1. Prokhorov AV, Hudmon KS, Marani S, Foxhall L, Ford KH, Luca NS, et al. Engaging physicians and pharmacists in providing smoking cessation counseling. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(18):1640‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Pronk 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pronk NP, Havlicek D, Stafne E. Tobacco cessation interventions in dental networks: a practice‐based evaluation of the impact of education on provider knowledge, referrals, and pharmacotherapy use. Preventing Chronic Disease 2006;3(3):A96. [PUBMED: PMC1637804] - PMC - PubMed
Rankin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rankin KV, Jones DL, Crews KM. Tobacco cessation education for dentists: An evaluation of the lecture format. Journal of Cancer Education 2010;25:282‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Richmond 1998 {published data only}
    1. Richmond R, Mendelsohn C, Kehoe L. Family physicians' utilization of a brief smoking cessation program following reinforcement contact after training: A randomized trial. Prev Med 1998;27:77‐83. - PubMed
Roche 1996 {published data only}
    1. Roche AM, Eccleston P, Sanson Fisher RW. Teaching smoking cessation skills to senior medical students ‐ a block‐randomized controlled trial of 4 different approaches. Prev Med 1996;25:251‐8. - PubMed
Royce 1995 {published data only}
    1. Royce JM, Ashford A, Resnicow K, Freeman HP, Caesar AA, Orlandi MA. Physician and nurse assisted smoking cessation in Harlem. J Nat Med Assoc 1995;87:291‐300. - PMC - PubMed
Russos 1999 {published data only}
    1. Russos S, Keating K, Hovell MF, Jones JA, Slymen DJ, Hofstetter CR, Rubin B, Morrison T. Counseling youth in tobacco‐use prevention: Determinants of clinician compliance. Preventive Medicine 1999;29:13‐21. - PubMed
Schmelz 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schmelz AN, Nixon B, McDaniel A, Hudmon KS, Zillich AJ. Evaluation of an online tobacco cessation course for health professions students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2010;74(2):36. - PMC - PubMed
Schnoll 2003 {published data only}
    1. Schnoll RA, Zhang B, Rue M, Krook JE, Spears WT, Marcus AC, Engstrom PF. Brief physician‐initiated quit‐smoking strategies for clinical oncology settings: a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(2):355‐65. - PubMed
Secker Walker 1992 {published data only}
    1. Secker Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, et al. Training obstetric and family practice residents to give smoking cessation advice during prenatal care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1356‐63. - PubMed
    1. Secker‐Walker RH, Dana GS, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Geller BM. The role of health professionals in a community‐based program to help women quit smoking. Preventive Medicine 2000;30(2):126‐37. - PubMed
Sheffer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sheffer CE, Barone CP, Anders ME. Training health care providers in the treatment of tobacco use and dependence: pre‐ and post‐training results. Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice Aug 2009;15(4):607‐13. - PubMed
Sheffer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sheffer CE, Barone C, Anders ME. Training nurses in the treatment of tobacco us and dependence: pre‐ and post‐training results. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011;67(1):176‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Sohn 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sohn M, Ahn Y, Park H. A pilot study to evaluate a simulation based smoking cessation intervention training for Korean nursing students. International Journal of Stroke 2010;5:276.
Steinemann 2005 {published data only}
    1. Steinmann S, Roytman T, Chang J, Holzman J, Hishinuma E, Nagoshi M, et al. Impact of education on smoking cessation counseling by surgical residents. American Journal of Surgery 2005;189(1):44‐6. - PubMed
Stolz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stolz D, Langewitz W, Meyer A, Pierer K, Tschudi P, S'ng CT, et al. Enhanced didactic methods of smoking cessation training for medical students ‐ A randomized study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(2):224‐8. - PubMed
Targhetta 2011 {published data only}
    1. Targhetta R, Bernhard L, Sorokaty JM, BAlmes JL, Nalpas B, Perney P. Intervention study to improve smoking cessation during hospitalization. Public Health 2011;125(7):457‐63. - PubMed
Von Garnier 2010 {published data only}
    1. Garnier C, Meyer M, Leuppi J, Battegay E, Zeller A. Smoking cessation counselling: impact of chart stickers and resident training. Swiss Medical Weekly March 2010;140(11‐12):175‐80. - PubMed
Walsh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Walsh MM, Belek MG, Prakash P, Grimes B, Heckman B, Kaufman N, et. al. Changing dentists' tobacco control attitudes and behaviors. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 16th Annual Meeting. 2010 Feb 24‐27.
Ward 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ward J, Sanson Fisher RW. Does a 3‐day workshop for family medicine trainees improve preventive care ‐ a randomized control trial. Prev Med 1996;25:741‐7. - PubMed
Wisborg 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Secher NJ. A prospective intervention study of stopping smoking in pregnancy in a routine antenatal care setting. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nov 1998;105:1171‐6. - PubMed
    1. Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Secher NJ. A trial of smoking cessation in a routine antenatal care setting. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76(167 (Part 2)):86.
Young 2002 {published data only}
    1. Young JM, D'Este C, Ward JE. Improving family physicians use of evidence‐based smoking cessation strategies: a cluster randomization trial. Preventive Medicine 2002;35(6):572‐83. - PubMed
    1. Young JM, Ward J. Can distance learning improve smoking cessation advice in family practice? A randomized trial. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2002;22(2):84‐93. - PubMed

Additional references

Albert 2004
    1. Albert DA, Ahluwalia KP, Ward A, Sadowsky D. The use of 'academic detailing' to promote tobacco‐use cessation counseling in dental offices. The Journal of the American Dental Association 2004;135:1700‐6. [http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/full/135/12/1700] - PubMed
Altman 1997
    1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Statistics notes. Units of analysis. BMJ 1997;314:1874. - PMC - PubMed
Anderson 2004
    1. Anderson P, Jane‐Llopis E. How can we increase the involvement of primary health care in the treatment of tobacco dependence? A meta‐analysis. Addiction 2004;99(3):299‐312. - PubMed
Balaji 2008
    1. Balaji SM. Tobacco smoking and surgical healing of oral tissues: A review. Indian Journal of Dental Research http://www.ijdr.in/article.asp?issn=0970‐9290;year=2008;volume=19;issue=... (accessed 10/10/2011) 2008;19(4):344‐8. - PubMed
Bergstrom 2000
    1. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Dock J. A 10‐year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. Journal of Periodontol 2000;71:1338‐47. - PubMed
Bertakis 2007
    1. Bertakis KD, Azari R. Determinants of physician discussion regarding tobacco and alcohol abuse. Journal of Health Communication 2007;12(6):513‐25. [DOI: 10.1080/10810730701508187] - DOI - PubMed
Botelho 2009
    1. Botelho R, Wassum K, Benzian H, Selby P, Chan S. Address the gaps in tobacco cessation training and services: Developing professional organisational alliances to create social movements. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:558‐66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00112.x] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 2000
    1. Campbell M, Grimshaw J, Steen N. Sample size calculations for cluster randomised trials. Changing Professional Practice in Europe Group (EU BIOMED II Concerted Action) Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, UK. J Health Serv Res Policy Jan 2000;5(1):12‐6. - PubMed
CDC 2007
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smoking‐cessation advice from health‐care providers‐Canada, 2005. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report (CDC); http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5628a3.htm [accessed 31/07/2011] 2007; Vol. 56, issue 28:708‐12. - PubMed
Cummings 1989a
    1. Cummings SR, Coates TJ, Richard RJ, Hansen B, Zahnd EG, VanderMartin R, et al. Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program. Annual Internal Medicine 1989;110(8):640‐7. - PubMed
Cummings 1989b
    1. Cummings SR, Richard RJ, Duncan CL, Hansen B, Vander MR, Gerbert B, et al. Training physicians about smoking cessation: a controlled trial in private practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1989;4(6):482‐9. - PubMed
Ellerbeck 2001
    1. Ellerbeck EF, Ahluwalia JS, Jolicoeur DG, Gladden J, Mosier MC. Direct observation of smoking cessation activities in primary care practice. The Journal of Family Practice 2001;50(8):688‐93. - PubMed
EPOC 2009
    1. Cochrane EPOC Group 2009. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group. Available from: http://www.epoc.cochrane.org (accessed 1 November 2009).
European Commission 2004
    1. European Commission, ASPECT Consortium. Tobacco or Health in the European Union: Past, present and future. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/Tobacco/Documents/... (accessed 08/10/2011) 2004:1‐295. [ISBN: 92‐894‐8219‐2]
Gelskey 2002
    1. Gelskey SC. Impact of a dental/dental hygiene tobacco‐use cessation curriculum on practice. Journal of Dental Education 2002;66:1074‐8. - PubMed
Gordon 2009
    1. Gordon JS, Albert DA, Crews KM, Fried J. Tobacco education in dentistry and dental hygiene. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:517‐32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00105.x] - DOI - PubMed
Guindon 2008
    1. Guindon GE, et al. World Health Organization. The cost attributable to tobacco use:a critical review of the literature. Population and Development Review; Geneva, World Health Organization http://www.jstor.org/pss/25434675 (accessed 08/10/2011) 2008;34(1):188‐94.
Higgins 2009
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. [Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org]
Holm 1979
    1. Holm S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 1979;6(2):65‐70.
Hung 2009
    1. Hung DY, Shelley DR. Multilevel analysis of the chronic care model and 5A services for treating tobacco use in urban primary care clinics. BMC Health Services Research 2009;44(1):103‐27. - PMC - PubMed
Kralikova 2009
    1. Kralikova E, Bonevski B, Stepankova L, Pohlova L, Mladkova N. Postgraduate medical education on tobacco and smoking cessation in Europe. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:474‐83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00104.x] - DOI - PubMed
Maciosek 2006
    1. Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Edwards NM, Flottemesch TJ, Goodman MJ, Solberg LI. Priorities among effective clinical preventive services: results of a systematic review and analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;31(1):52‐61. - PubMed
Mathers 2006
    1. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Medicine http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 (accessed 08/10/2011) 2006;3:e442. - PMC - PubMed
Mohammad 2006
    1. Mohammad A, Crews K, Taybos G, Vancevitch P. Academy of oral medicine clinician's guide to tobacco cessation: Integrating medicine and dentistry. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc, 2006. [ISBN: 978‐1‐936176‐19‐9]
Mullins 1999
    1. Mullins R, Livingston P, Borland R. A strategy for involving general practitioners in smoking control. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999;23:249‐51. - PubMed
Muramoto 2009
    1. Muramoto ML, Lando H. Faculty development in tobacco cessation: Training health professionals and promoting tobacco control in developing countries. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:498‐506. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00106.x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Petersen 2009
    1. Petersen PE. Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century – implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600‐0528.2008.00448.x/full (accessed 10/10/2011) 2009;37(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Richmond 1999
    1. Richmond RL. The physician can make a difference with smokers: evidence based clinical approaches. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1999;3:100‐12. - PubMed
Richmond 2009a
    1. Richmond R. Education and training for health professionals and students in tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:463‐5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00115.x] - DOI - PubMed
Richmond 2009b
    1. Richmond R, Zwar N, Taylor R, Hunnisett J, Hyslop F. Teaching about tobacco in medical schools: A worldwide study. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:484‐97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009-00105.x] - DOI - PubMed
Rosseel 2009
    1. Rosseel JP, Jacobs JE, Hilberink SR, Maassen IM, Allard HB, Plasschaert AJM, Grol RPTM. What determines the provision of smoking cessation advice and counselling by dental care teams?. British Dental Journal http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v206/n7/abs/sj.bdj.2009.272.html (accessed 10/10/2011) 2009;206:E13. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.272] - DOI - PubMed
Solberg 2006
    1. Solberg LI, Maciosek MV, Edwards NM, Khanchandani HS, Goodman MJ. Repeated tobacco‐use screening and intervention in clinical practice: health impact and cost effectiveness. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;31(1):62‐71. - PubMed
Stead 2008
    1. Stead LF, Bergson G, Lancaster T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000165.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Stead 2009
    1. Stead M, Angus K, Holme I, Cohen D, Tait G. Factors influencing European GPs' engagement in smoking cessation: a multi‐country literature review. British Journal General Practice 2009;59(566):682‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Thorogood 2006
    1. Thorogood M, Hillsdon M, Summerbell C. Changing behaviour. Clinical Evidence BMJ http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions/cvd/0203/0203_I8.jsp (accessed 10/10/2011) 2006;08:203.
Tomar 2000
    1. Tomar SL, Asma S. Smoking‐attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Periodontology 2000;71:743‐51. - PubMed
Twardella 2004
    1. Twardella D, Brenner H. Lack of training as a central barrier to the promotion of smoking cessation: a survey among general practitioners in Germany. European Journal Public Health 2004;15(2):140‐5. - PubMed
Warnakulasuriya 2002
    1. Warnakulasuriya S. Effectiveness of tobacco counseling in the dental office. Journal of Dental Education 2002;66:1079‐87. - PubMed
WHO 2005
    1. World Health Organization. The role of health professionals in tobacco control. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr22/en/index.html (accessed 10/10/2011) 2005.
WHO 2008
    1. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic. The MPOWER package. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf (accessed 08/10/2011) 2008.
Zwar 2009
    1. Zwar NA, Richmond RL, Davidson D, HasanI. Postgraduate education for doctors in smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Review 2009;28:466‐73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-33662.2009.00103.x] - DOI - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Lancaster 2000
    1. Lancaster T, Fowler G. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000214] - DOI - PubMed
Lancaster 2008
    1. Lancaster T, Silagy C, Fowler G. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000214] - DOI - PubMed
Silagy 1994
    1. Silagy C, Lancaster T, Gray S, Fowler G. Effectiveness of training health professionals to provide smoking cessation interventions: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Quality in Health Care 1994;3:193‐198. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms