Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008344.pub2.
Nutritional support for liver disease
Affiliations
- PMID: 22592729
- PMCID: PMC6823271
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008344.pub2
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Nutritional support for liver disease
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Weight loss and muscle wasting are commonly found in patients with end-stage liver disease. Since there is an association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome, such patients (or those at risk of becoming malnourished) are often given parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements. These interventions have costs and adverse effects, so it is important to prove that their use results in improved morbidity or mortality, or both.
Objectives: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, and oral nutritional supplements on the mortality and morbidity of patients with underlying liver disease.
Search methods: The following computerised databases were searched: the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded (January 2012). In addition, reference lists of identified trials and review articles and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Trials identified in a previous systematic handsearch of Index Medicus were also considered. Handsearches of a number of medical journals, including abstracts from annual meetings, were done. Experts in the field and manufacturers of nutrient formulations were contacted for potential references.
Selection criteria: Randomised clinical trials (parallel or cross-over design) comparing groups of patients with any underlying liver disease who received, or did not receive, enteral or parenteral nutrition or oral nutritional supplements were identified without restriction on date, language, or publication status. Six categories of trials were separately considered: medical or surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or supplements.
Data collection and analysis: The following data were sought in each report: date of publication; geographical location; inclusion and exclusion criteria; the type of nutritional support and constitution of the nutrient formulation; duration of treatment; any nutrition provided to the controls; other interventions provided to the patients; number, sex, age of the study participants; hospital or outpatient status; underlying liver disease; risks of bias (sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome reporting, intention-to-treat analysis, selective outcome reporting, others (vested interests, baseline imbalance, early stopping)); mortality; hepatic morbidity (development or resolution of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy, occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding); quality of life scores; adverse events; infections; lengths of stay in the hospital or intensive care unit; costs; serum bilirubin; postoperative complications (surgical trials only); and nutritional outcomes (nitrogen balance, anthropometric measurements, body weight). The primary outcomes of this review were mortality, hepatic morbidity, quality of life, and adverse events. Data were extracted in duplicate; differences were resolved by consensus.Data for each outcome were combined in a meta-analysis (RevMan 5.1). Estimates were reported using risk ratios or mean differences, along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). Both fixed-effect and random-effects models were employed; fixed-effect models were reported unless one model, but not the other, found a significant difference (in which case both were reported). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Chi(2) test and I(2) statistic. Subgroup analyses were planned to assess specific liver diseases (alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma), acute or chronic liver diseases, and trials employing standard or branched-chain amino acid formulations (for the hepatic encephalopathy outcomes). Sensitivity analyses were planned to compare trials at low and high risk of bias and trials reported as full papers. The following exploratory analyses were undertaken: 1) medical and surgical trials were combined for each nutritional intervention; 2) intention-to-treat analyses in which missing dichotomous data were imputed as best- and worst-case scenarios; 3) all trials were combined to assess mortality; 4) effects were estimated by absolute risk reductions.
Main results: Thirty-seven trials were identified; only one was at low risk of bias. Most of the analyses failed to find any significant differences. The significant findings that were found were the following: 1) icteric medical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced serum bilirubin (mean difference (MD) -2.86 mg%, 95% CI -3.82 mg% to -1.89 mg%, 3 trials) and better nitrogen balance (MD 3.60 g/day, 95% CI 0.86 g/day to 6.34 g/day, 1 trial); 2) surgical patients receiving parenteral nutrition had a reduced incidence of postoperative ascites only in the fixed-effect model (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.87, 2 trials, I(2) = 70%) and one trial demonstrated a reduction in postoperative complications, especially infections (pneumonia in particular); 3) enteral nutrition may have improved nitrogen balance in medical patients (although a combination of the three trials was not possible); 4) one surgical trial of enteral nutrition found a reduction in postoperative complications; and 5) oral nutritional supplements had several effects in medical patients (reduced occurrence of ascites (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.88, 3 trials), possibly (significant differences only seen in the fixed-effect model) reduced rates of infection (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.99, 3 trials, I(2) = 14%), and improved resolution of hepatic encephalopathy (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.15 to 12.18, 2 trials, I(2) = 79%). While there was no overall effect of the supplements on mortality in medical patients, the one low risk of bias trial found an increased risk of death in the recipients of the supplements. Three trials of supplements in surgical patients failed to show any significant differences. No new information was derived from the various subgroup or sensitivity analyses. The exploratory analyses were also unrevealing except for a logical conundrum. There was no difference in mortality when all of the trials were combined, but the trials of parenteral nutrition found that those recipients had better survival (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.98, 10 trials). Either the former observation represents a type II error or the latter one a type I error.
Authors' conclusions: The data do not compellingly justify the routine use of parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, or oral nutritional supplements in patients with liver disease. The fact that all but one of these trials were at high risks of bias even casts doubt on the few benefits that were demonstrated. Data from well-designed and executed randomised trials that include an untreated control group are needed before any such recommendation can be made. Future trials have to be powered adequately to see small, but clinically important, differences.
Conflict of interest statement
Neither RK, AA, or TL have any real or potential conflict of interest with any party (commercial or third party payers). There was no external or internal funding source that sponsored this review.
Figures
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Trial sequential analysis for parenteral nutrition trials that reported mortality; assumed mortality rate in controls = 10% and RR ‐ 0.50.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant patients.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 1 Mortality, Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 2 Appearance of ascites, Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention ‐ no changes made because all patients with ascites reported.
Comparison 3 Resolution of ascites, Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst case scenario for intervention ‐ no changes made because all patients with ascites reported.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition (all medical).
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant patients (no trials with transplant patients).
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 4 Appearance of gastrointestinal bleeding, Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition ‐ all trials.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 3 Parenteral nutrition ‐ medical trials.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 4 Parenteral nutrition ‐ surgical trials.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 5 Enteral nutrition ‐ all studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 6 Enteral nutrition ‐ medical trials.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 8 Supplements.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 9 Medical trials all trials.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 10 Medical trials ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 11 Medical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 12 Surgical trials ‐ all studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 14 Surgical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 15 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ all studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 16 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 17 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ BCAA.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 18 Cirrhosis ‐ all studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 19 Cirrhosis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 20 Cirrhosis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 21 HCC ‐ all studies.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 23 HCC ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 24 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 25 Surgical trials ‐ transplant trials eliminated.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 26 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 27 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 28 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 29 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 30 ITT‐ Supplements ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 5 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ all studies, Outcome 31 ITT ‐ Supplements ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 1 All trials.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition (all medical trials).
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition (all medical trials).
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 4 Supplements (all medical trials).
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 5 Medical trials ‐ all trials.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 6 Medical trials ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 7 Medical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 11 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ all trials.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 12 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 13 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 14 Cirrhosis ‐ all.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 16 Cirrhosis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 20 Abstracts excluded ‐ all trials.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 21 Abstracts excluded ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 22 Abstracts excluded ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 24 ITT ‐ All trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 25 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 26 ITT ‐ Enteral trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 27 ITT ‐ Supplements trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 28 ITT ‐ All trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 29 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 30 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 6 Resolution of encephalopathy, Outcome 31 ITT ‐ Supplement trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 2 Trials with total numbers (Meng) excluded.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 3 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 4 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 5 Supplements.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 6 Medical trials.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 7 Surgical trials.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 8 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 9 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 10 HCC.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 11 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 12 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 13 Surgical trials excluding transplants.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 14 Parenteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 15 Parenteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 16 Enteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 17 Enteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 18 Supplements ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 7 infections, Outcome 19 Supplements ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition (all medical trials).
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 8 Serum bilirubin, Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 9 Duration of hospitalisation, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 9 Duration of hospitalisation, Outcome 2 Enteral nutrition ‐ medical versus surgical trials.
Comparison 9 Duration of hospitalisation, Outcome 3 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 9 Duration of hospitalisation, Outcome 4 Surgery.
Comparison 10 Duration of stay in ICU, Outcome 1 All studies (all surgery [transplantation]).
Comparison 11 Postoperative total complications, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 11 Postoperative total complications, Outcome 2 All studies except those with total complications not patients.
Comparison 11 Postoperative total complications, Outcome 3 HCC.
Comparison 12 Postoperative intra‐abdominal complications, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 12 Postoperative intra‐abdominal complications, Outcome 2 HCC.
Comparison 13 Postoperative pneumonia, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 13 Postoperative pneumonia, Outcome 2 HCC.
Comparison 14 Postoperative wound infections, Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 14 Postoperative wound infections, Outcome 2 HCC.
Comparison 15 Nitrogen balance, Outcome 1 All studies (all medical).
Comparison 15 Nitrogen balance, Outcome 2 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant patients.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 16 Mortality ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 17 Appearance of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention ‐ no changes made.
Comparison 18 Resolution of ascites ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Intent to treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention ‐ no changes made.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition (all medical).
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Supplements.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Medical trials.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Surgical trials.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 9 HCC.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Surgical trials without transplant patients (no trials with transplant patients).
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Intent to treat ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 19 Appearance gastrointestinal bleeding ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Intent‐to‐treat ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition ‐ all trials.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Parenteral nutrition ‐ medical trials.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Parenteral nutrition ‐ surgical trials.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Enteral nutrition ‐ all studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Enteral nutrition ‐ medical trials.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Supplements.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 9 Medical trials all trials.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 Medical trials ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Medical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Surgical trials ‐ all studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 14 Surgical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 15 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ all studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 16 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 17 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ BCAA.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 18 Cirrhosis ‐ all studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 19 Cirrhosis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 20 Cirrhosis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 21 HCC ‐ all studies.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 23 HCC ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 24 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 25 Surgical trials ‐ transplant trials eliminated.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 26 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 27 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 28 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 29 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 30 ITT‐ Supplements ‐ best‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 20 Appearance of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 31 ITT ‐ Supplements ‐ worst‐case scenario for intervention.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All trials.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Parenteral nutrition (all medical trials).
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Enteral nutrition (all medical trials).
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Supplements (all medical trials).
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Medical trials ‐ all trials.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Medical trials ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Medical trials ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ all trials.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Alcoholic hepatitis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 14 Cirrhosis ‐ all.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 16 Cirrhosis ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 20 Abstracts excluded ‐ all trials.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 21 Abstracts excluded ‐ standard amino acids.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 22 Abstracts excluded ‐ BCAAs.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 24 ITT ‐ All trials ‐ best case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 25 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 26 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 27 ITT ‐ Supplement trials ‐ best‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 28 ITT ‐ All trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 29 ITT ‐ Parenteral nutrition trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 30 ITT ‐ Enteral nutrition trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 21 Resolution of encephalopathy ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 31 ITT ‐ Supplement trials ‐ worst‐case scenario ‐ no changes made because all patients reported.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 1 All studies.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 2 Trials with total numbers (Meng) excluded.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 3 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 4 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 5 Supplements.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 6 Medical trials.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 7 Surgical trials.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 8 Alcoholic hepatitis.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 9 Cirrhosis.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 10 HCC.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 11 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 12 Abstracts excluded.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 13 Surgical trials excluding transplants.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 14 Parenteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 15 Parenteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 16 Enteral nutrition ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 17 Enteral nutrition ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 18 Supplements ‐ best‐case scenario.
Comparison 22 Infections ‐ absolute risk difference (ARD), Outcome 19 Supplements ‐ worst‐case scenario.
Comparison 23 Serum albumin, Outcome 1 Parenteral nutrition.
Comparison 23 Serum albumin, Outcome 2 Enteral nutrition.
Comparison 23 Serum albumin, Outcome 3 Supplements.
Update of
- doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008344
References
References to studies included in this review
Achord 1987 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Achord JL. A prospective randomized clinical trial of peripheral amino acid‐glucose supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1987;82(9):871‐5. - PubMed
Bonkovsky 1991 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Bonkovsky H, Fiellin D, Smith G, Slaker D, Simon D, Galambos J. Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone: a randomized controlled trial I short‐term effects on liver function [AASLD abstract]. Hepatology 1990;12(4):870. - PubMed
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- Bonkovsky H, Jafri I, Singh R, Cotsonis G, Slaker D. Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone: a randomized controlled trial II Effects on nitrogen metabolism [AASLD abstract]. Hepatology 1990;12(4):978. - PubMed
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- Bonkovsky HL, Fiellin DA, Smith GS, Slaker DP, Simon D, Galambos JT. A randomized, controlled trial of treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone I Short‐term effects on liver function. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1991;86(9):1200‐8. - PubMed
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- Bonkovsky HL, Singh RH, Jafri IH, Fiellin DA, Smith GS, Simon D, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone II Short‐term effects on nitrogen metabolism, metabolic balance, and nutrition. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1991;86(9):1209‐18. - PubMed
Bunout 1989 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Bunout D, Aicardi V, Hirsch S, Petermann M, Kelly M, Silva G, et al. Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;43(9):615‐21. - PubMed
Cabre 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Abad‐Lacruz A, Cabre E, Gonzalez‐Huix F, Esteve M, Xiol X, Acero D, et al. Total enteral nutrition (TEN) as a new approach influencing the clinical outcome and mortality in liver cirrhosis (LC) [AASLD abstract]. Hepatology 1988;8(5):1413.
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- Cabre E, Abad A, Glez‐Huix F, Esteve M, Xiol X, Acero D, et al. Total enteral nutrition as a new approach influencing the clinical outcome and mortality in liver cirrhosis [abstract]. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1989;13 Suppl(1):10.
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- Cabre E, Gonzales‐Huix F, Abad‐Lacruz A, Esteve M, Xiol X, Acero D, et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition (TEN) on the clinical outcome of hospitalized cirrhotics with severe protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) [abstract]. Clinical Nephrology 1988;7 Special Suppl:34.
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- Cabre E, Gonzalez Huix F, Abad Lacruz A, Esteve M, Acero D, Fernandez Banares F, et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short‐term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990;98(3):715‐20. - PubMed
Calvey 1985 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Calvey H, Davis M, Williams R. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, with and without branched chain amino acid enrichment, in treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology 1985;1(2):141‐51. - PubMed
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- Calvey H, Davis M, Williams R. Prospective study of nasogastric feeding via East Grinstead (Reg.trademark) or Viomedex (Reg.trademark) tubes compared with oral dietary supplementation in patients with cirrhosis. Clinical Nutrition 1984;3(2):63‐6. - PubMed
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- Williams R, Calvey H, Davis M. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis. In: Holm E, Kasper H editor(s). Metabolism and nutrition in liver disease. Lancaster, England: MTP Press, Ltd., 1985:361‐8.
DeLedinghen 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Ledinghen V, Mannant PR, Beau P, Borderie C, Oui B, Silvain C, et al. Effects of early enteral nutrition in cirrhotics patients after bleeding from esophageal varices: a randomized controlled study (Abstract). Gastroenterology 1996;110(4):A13.
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- Ledinghen V, Beau P, Mannant PR, Borderie C, Ripault MP, Silvain C, et al. Early feeding or enteral nutrition in patients with cirrhosis after bleeding from esophageal varices? A randomized controlled study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1997;42(3):536‐41. - PubMed
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- Ledinghen V, Mannant PR, Beau P, Borderie C, Ripault MP, Silvain C, et al. Effect of enteral nutrition immediately after digestive hemorrhage in cirrhotics: A randomised controlled study (abstract) [Effets de la nutrition enterale au decours immediat de l`hemorragie digestive du cirrhotique: Etude controlee randomisee (abstract)]. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1996;20 Suppl:A120.
Fan 1994 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Fan ST, Lo CM, Lai EC, Chu KM, Liu CL, Wong J. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(23):1547‐52. - PubMed
Foschi 1986 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Foschi D, Cavagna G, Callioni F, Morandi E, Rovati V. Hyperalimentation of jaundiced patients on percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. British Journal of Surgery 1986;73(9):716‐9. - PubMed
Guy 1995 {published and unpublished data}
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- Guy S, Tanzer‐Torres G, Palese M, Sheiner P, Mor E, Emre S, et al. Does nasoenteral nutritional support reduce mortality after liver transplant? (Abstract). Hepatology 1995;22:144A.
Hasse 1995 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU, Goldstein RM, Jennings LW, Mor E, et al. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1995;19(6):437‐43. - PubMed
Hasse 1997 {published and unpublished data}
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- Hasse J, Crippin J, Blue L, Huang K, DiCecco S, Francisco‐Ziller N, et al. Does nutrition supplementation benefit liver transplant candidates with a history of encephalopathy? (Abstract). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1997;21(1):S16.
Hayashi 1991 {published and unpublished data}
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- Hayashi S, Aoyagi Y, Fujiwara K, Oka H, Oda T. A randomized controlled trial of branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA)‐enriched elemental diet (ED‐H) for hepatic encephalopathy [abstract]. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1991;6(2):191.
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- Hayashi S, Aoyagi Y, Oka H, Oda T. A randomized controlled study of an elementary diet (ED‐H) in cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy. Unpublished data.
Hendry 2010 {published data only}
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- Hendry PO, Dam RM, Bukkems SFFW, McKeovm DW, Parks RW, Preston T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laxatives and oral nutritional supplements within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol following liver resection. British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(8):1198‐206. - PubMed
Hirsch 1993 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Hirsch S, Bunout D, Maza P, Iturriaga H, Petermann M, Icazar G, et al. Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1993;17(2):119‐24. - PubMed
Humbert 1988 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Humbert P, Pintó A, Johnston S, Fábrega C, Planas R, Boix J, et al. Effect of oral administration of branched‐chain amino acids for the treatment of nutrition disturbances and for the prophylaxis of encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients [Efecto de la administración oral de aminoácidos ramificados en el tratamiento de los trastornos nutricionales y en la prevención de la encefalopatía de pacientes cirróticos.]. Gastroenterología y Hepatología 1989;12(1):9‐13.
Ichikawa 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Ichikawa T, Naota T, Miyaaki H, Miuma S, Isomoto H, Takeshima F, et al. Effect of an oral branched chain amino acid‐enriched snack in cirrhotic patients with sleep disturbance. Hepatology Research 2010;40(10 (Oct)):971‐8. - PubMed
Ishikawa 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Ishikawa Y, Yoshida H, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Matsumoto S, Bando K, et al. Prospective randomized controlled study of short‐term perioperative oral nutrition with branched chain amino acids in patients undergoing liver surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 2010;57:583‐90. - PubMed
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- Ishikawa Y, Yoshida H, Weiner J, Tajiri T. Prospective randomized controlled study of short‐term perioperative enteral nutrition support with branched chain amino acids in liver surgery (Abstract). Gastroenterology 2009;136 Suppl 1:176. - PubMed
Kearns 1992 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Kearns PJ, Young H, Garcia G, Blaschke T, O'Hanlon G, Rinki M, et al. Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1992;102(1):200‐5. - PubMed
Kobashi 2006 {published and unpublished data}
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- Kobashi H, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Shimoe T, Makino Y, Araki Y, et al. Effects of supplementation with a branched‐chain amino acid‐enriched preparation on event‐free survival and quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A multicenter, randomized controlled trial (Abstract) . Gastroenterology 2006;130:A497.
LeCornu 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- LeCornu KA, McKiernan FJ, Kapadia SA, Neuberger JM. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000;69(7):1364‐9. - PubMed
Meng 1999 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Meng WC, Leung KL, Ho RL, Leung TW, Lau WY. Prospective randomized control study on the effect of branched‐chain amino acids in patients with liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 1999;69(11):811‐5. - PubMed
Mikagi 2011 {published data only}
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- Mikagi K, Kawahara R, Kinoshita H, Aoyagi S. Effect of preoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing hepatectomy; a randomized controlled trial. Kurume Medical Journal 2011;58(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Nakaya 2007 {published and unpublished data}
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- Nakaya Y, Ikita K, Suzuki K, Moriwaki H, Kato A, Miwa Y, et al. BCAA‐enriched snack improves nutritional state of cirrhosis. . Nutrition 2007;23:113‐20. - PubMed
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- Nakaya Y, Okita K, Kato A, Miwa Y, Suzuki K, Moriwaki H. Randomized trial of branched chain amino acid rich supplement against carbohydrate‐rich snacks as a late evening snack in patients with liver cirrhosis (Abstract). Hepatology 2005;42 Suppl 1(4):699A‐700A.
Naveau 1986 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Naveau S, Pelletier G, Poynard T, Attali P, Poitrine A. Buffet C, et al. A randomised Clinical trial of supplementary parenteral nutrition in jaundiced alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1986;6(2):270‐4. - PubMed
Norman 2008 {published and unpublished data}
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- Norman K, Kirchner H, Friedrich U, Lochs H, Ockenga J, Pirlich M. Enteral nutrition improves functional parameters in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis (Abstract) [Enterale Ernahrung verbessert funktionale Parameter in Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Leberzirrhose]. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2005;43(8):913.
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- Norman K, Smoliner C, Stobacus N, Schuetz T, Lochs H, Ockenga, et al. Early enteral nutrition improves functional parameters in liver cirrhosis (Abstract). Gastroenterology 2008;134 Suppl 1:A563.
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- Pirlich M, Norman K, Lochs H. Malnutrition in liver cirrhosis: impact of protein rich oral diet. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2006;44(4):344‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Poon 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Poon RT, Yu WC, Fan ST, Wong J. Long‐term oral branched chain amino acids in patients undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2004;19(7):779‐88. - PubMed
Puglionisi 1985 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Ceriati F, Cavicchioni C, Marino IR, Luca G, Puglionisi A. Management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients after derivative surgery [Trattamento dell'encefalopatia epatica nei pazienti cirrotici sottoposti ad intervento chirurgico derivativo]. Acta Medica Romana 1985;23(1):69‐76.
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- Puglionisi A, Ceriati F, Marino IR, Cavicchioni C, Luca G, Roncone A, et al . Prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy after porta‐caval anastomosis using branched chain amino acid mixtures. In: Capacaccio L, Fischer JE, Rossi‐Fanelli F editor(s). Hepatic Encephalopathy in Chronic Liver Failure. New York: Plenum Press, 1984:345‐50.
Qiu 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Qiu Y, Zhu X, Wang W, Xu Q, Ding Y. Nutrition support with glutamine dipeptide in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 2009;41:4232‐7. - PubMed
Reilly 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Reilly J, Mehta R, Teperman L, Cemaj S, Tzakis A, Yanaga K, et al. Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1990;14(4):386‐91. - PubMed
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- Reilly J, Yanaga K, Tzakis A, Teperman L, Mehta R, Rezak A, et al. A randomized prospective study of nutritional support after liver transplant (Abstract). Journal Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1989;13:8S. - PubMed
San‐In Group 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Heys SD. Long‐term oral administration of branched chain amino acids after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial (Letter). British Journal of Surgery 1998;85(3):423. - PubMed
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Schuetz 2006 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Schuetz T, Norman K, Friedrich‐Pagels U, Ockenga J, Luu TN, Lochs H, et al. Tube feeding does not affect subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis (Abstract) . Gastroenterology 2006;130:A326.
Sievert 1999 {published and unpublished data}
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- Stevert W, Gibson PR, Colman JC, Kronborg I, Crawford DH, Keogh J, et al. Energy and amino acid supplements in malnourished patients with cirrhosis: a randomised controlled trial (Abstract) . Hepatology 1999;30:434A.
Simko 1983 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Simko V. Long‐term tolerance of a special amino acid oral formula in patients with advanced liver disease. Nutrition Reports International 1983;27(4):765‐73.
Simon 1988 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Galambos JT, Simon D. Peripheral hyperalimentation (Ppn) in moderate and severe alcoholic hepatitis (Ah) ‐ a randomized controlled‐study (abstract). Alcohol and Alcoholism 1988;23(3):A25. - PubMed
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- Simon DM, Galambos JT. Peripheral hyperalimentation (Ppn) in moderate and severe alcoholic hepatitis (Ah) a randomized controlled study (abstract). American Journal of Gastroenterology 1987;82(9):979.
Takeshita 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Takeshita S, Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Miyaaki H, Shibata H, Matsuzaki T, et al. A snack enriched with oral branched‐chain amino acids prevents a fall in albumin in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutrition Research 2009;29:89‐93. - PubMed
Tangkijvanich 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Tangkijvanich P, Mahachai V, Wittayalertpanya S, Ariyawongsopon V, Isarasena S. Short‐term effects of branched‐chain amino acids on liver function tests in cirrhotic patients. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2000;31(1):152‐7. - PubMed
Zheng 2003 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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- Zheng Q, Hu Q. The influence of enteral nutrition on gut barrier in the post‐operative patients with damaged hepatic function. Journal of Tongji Medical University 2001;21(4):323‐5. - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
Abad Lacruz 1990 {published data only}
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- Abad Lacruz A, Gonzalez Huix F, Esteve M, Fernandez Banares F, Cabre E, Boix J, et al. Liver function tests (LFT) derangement in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on either ten or TPN A prospective, randomized study (Abstract). Clinical Nutrition 1988;7 Special Suppl:60.
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Cao 2007 {published data only}
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Cerra 1983 {published data only}
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Cerra 1985 {published data only}
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Cerwenka 1998 {published data only}
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Chin 1992 {published data only}
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Christie 1985 {published data only}
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Conti 1971 {published data only}
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Cortez Pinto 1990 {published data only}
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Cunha 2004 {published data only}
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de la Maza 1995 {published data only}
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Di Cecco 1997 {published data only}
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Diehl 1985 {published and unpublished data}
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Dionigi 1984 {published data only}
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Egberts 1981 {published data only}
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- Egberts E‐H, Hamster W, Jurgens P, Schumacher H, Fondalinski G, Reinhard U, et al. Effect of branched chain amino acids on latent portal‐systemic encephalopathy. In: Walser M, Williamson JR editor(s). Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids. Amsterdam: Elsevier North Holland, 1981:453‐63.
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- Hamster W, Egberts EH, Hamster H. Treatment with branched‐chain amino acids and effect on psycho‐physical capacity functions in latent porto‐systemic encephalopathy [Behandlung mit verzweigtkettigen aminosauren und ihre auswirkung auf psychophysische leistungsfunktionen bel latenter portosystemischer enzephalopathie]. Arzneimittelforschung 1982;32:901‐2.
Egberts 1985 {published data only}
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- Egberts EH, Hamster W, Schomerus H, Jürgens P. Effect of branched chain amino acids on latent porto‐systemic‐encephalopathy (PSE) (Abstract). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1981;5:354.
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- Egberts EH, Schomeerus H, Hamster W, Jürgens P. Effective treatment of latens porto‐systemic encephalopathy with oral branched chain amino acids. In: Capocaccia L, Fischer JE, Rossi‐Fanelli F editor(s). Hepatic Encephalopathy in Chronic Liver Failure. Plenum Press, New York, 1984:351‐7.
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- Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jurgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy A double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study. Gastroenterology 1985;88(4):887‐95. - PubMed
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- Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jurgens P. Branched‐chain amino acids in the treatment of latent porto‐systemic encephalopathy A placebo‐controlled double‐blind cross‐over study [Verzweigtkettige Aminosauren bei der Behandlung der latenten portosystemischen Enzephalopathie Eine placebokontrollierte Doppelblind‐Cross‐over‐Studie ]. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 1986;25(1):9‐28. - PubMed
Egberts 1988 {published data only}
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- Egberts E‐H, Plauth M, Hamster W, Torok M, Brand O, Furst P. Long‐term double‐blind crossover study on the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) with branched chain amino acids (BCAA) (Abstract). Clinical Nutrition 1988;76 Suppl:31.
Eriksson 1982 {published data only}
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- Eriksson LS, Persson A, Wahren J. Failure of oral branched‐chain amino acids to improve chronic hepatic encephalopathy (Abstract). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1981;5:355.
Ferenci 1981 {published data only}
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- Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Wewalka F. Oral administration of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and keto acids (BCKA) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). In: Walser M, Williamson JR editor(s). Metabolism and Clinical Implications of Branched Chain Amino and Ketoacids. Amsterdam: Elsevier North Holland, 1981:507‐12.
Fiaccadori 1984 {published data only}
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- Fiaccadori F, Ghinelli F, Pedretti G, Pelosi G, Sacchini D, Zeneroli ML, et al. Branched chain amino acid enriched solutions in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a controlled trial. In: Capocaccia L, Fischer JE, Rossi‐Fanelli F editor(s). Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver failure. Plenum Press, New York, 1984:323‐33.
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- Fiaccadori F, Ghinelli F, Pedretti G, Pelosi G, Sacchini D, Zeneroli ML, et al. Branched‐chain enriched amino acid solutions in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: A controlled trial (Abstract). Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 1985;17:5‐10.
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Fiaccadori 1988 {published data only}
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- Fiaccadori F, Elia GF, Lehndorff H, Merli M, Pedretti G, Riggio O, et al. The Effect of dietary supplementation with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs)vs casein in patients with chronic recurrent portal systemic encephalopathy: a controlled trial. In: Soeters PB, Wilson JHP, Meijer AJ, Holm E editor(s). Advances in Ammonia Metabolism and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988:489‐97.
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- Fiaccadori F, Lehndorff H, Merli M, Pedretti G, Perinotto P, Riggio O, et al. BCAA oral dietary supplementation vs casein in chronic recurrent HE A controlled trial (Abstract). Journal of Hepatology 1987;4 Suppl 1:16.
Freeman 1983 {published data only}
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- Freeman JG, Bassendine M, Heath P, James OFW, Record CO. Double blind trial of branched chain amino acid infusions in cases of hepatic encephalopathy (Abstract). Gut 1983;24(5):A503.
Fukushima 2003 {published data only}
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- Fukushima H, Miwa Y, Ida E, Kuriyama S, Toda K, Shimomura Y, et al. Nocturnal branched‐chain amino acid administration improves protein metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis: comparison with daytime administration. Journal Parenteral Enteral Nutrition 2003;27(5):315‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Galloway 1987 {published data only}
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Gavazzl 1999 {published data only}
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- Gavazzl C, Bozzetti F, Crippa F, Mariani L, Antonini R. Impact of different energy substrates on liver metastases metabolism (Abstract). Clinical Nutrition 1999;18 Suppl 1:50.
Glynn 1988 {published data only}
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Grungreiff 1993 {published data only}
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- Grungreiff K, Kleine FD, Musil HE, Diete U, Franke D, Klauck S, et al. Valine enriched branched‐chain amino acids in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy [Valin und Verzweigtkettige Aminosauren in der Behandlung der Hepatischen Enzephalopathie]. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 1993;31(4):235‐41. - PubMed
Grungreiff 2001 {published data only}
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- Grungreiff K, Lambert‐Baumann J. Efficacy of L‐ornithin‐L‐aspartate‐granules in chronic liver diseases [Wirksamkeit von L‐ornithin‐L‐aspartat‐granulat bei chronischen lebererkrankungen]. Medizinische Welt 2001;52(7‐8):219‐26.
Guarnieri 1982 {published data only}
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- Guarnieri GF, Toigo G, Pozzato G, Faccini L, Giuntini D, Situlin R, et al. Long‐term oral supplementation of chronic liver disease patients with branched‐chain amino acids and/or energy (Abstract). Clinical Nutrition 1982;1 Special Suppl:54.
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Guarnieri 1984 {published data only}
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- Guarnieri GF, Chiesa L, Toigo G, Pozzato G, Lucchesi A, Sasso F, et al. Short‐term treatment of chronic recurrent hepatic encephalopathy with enteral administration of a mixture rich in branched‐chain amino acids and energy [Trattamento a breve termine dell'encefalopatia epatica cronica ricorrente con somministrazione enterale di una miscela ricca in aminoacidi ramificati ed energia]. Giornale di Clinica Medica 1984;65(2):79‐85. - PubMed
Habu 2003 {published data only}
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- Habu D, Nishiguchi S. Effect of oral supplementation with branched‐chain amino acid granules on serum albumin level in the early stage of cirrhosis (Abstract). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2003;27(1):37‐8.
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- Habu D, Nishiguchi S, Nakatani S, Kawamura E, Lee C, Enomoto M, et al. Effect of oral supplementation with branched‐chain amino acid granules on serum albumin level in the early stage of cirrhosis: a randomized pilot trial. Hepatology Research 2003;25(3):312‐8. - PubMed
Habu 2009 {published data only}
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- Habu D, Nishiguchi S, Nakatani S, Lee C, Enomoto M, Tamori A, et al. Comparison of the effect of BCAA granules on between decompensated and compensated cirrhosis. Hepato‐gastroenterology 2009;56(96):1719‐23. - PubMed
Haji 2008 {published data only}
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Hayaishi 2011 {published data only}
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- Hayaishi S, Chung H, Kudo M, Ishikawa G, Takita M, Ueda T, et al. Oral Branched‐Chain Amino Acid Granules Reduce the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Improve Event‐Free Survival in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. Digestive Diseases 2011;29(3):326‐32. - PubMed
Hayashi 2007 {published data only}
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Herlong 1980 {published data only}
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Holdsworth 1984 {published data only}
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Holm 1981 {published data only}
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Holm 1984 {published data only}
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- Holm E, Tschepe A, Staedt U, Leweling H, Striebel JP. Concentrations of energy yielding substrates and metabolites in the postabsorptive state and during parenteral nutrition (lipid systems) in patients with liver cirrhosis (Abstract). Clinical Nutrition 1984;2(Spec Suppl):O.66.
Holm 2000 {published data only}
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Horst 1984 {published data only}
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- Horst D, Grace N, Conn HO, Schiff E, Schenker S, Viteri A, et al. A double‐blind randomized comparison of dietary protein and an oral branched chain amino acid (BCAA) solution in cirrhotic patients with chronic portal‐systemic encephalopathy (PSE) (Abstract). Hepatology 1982;2(1):184. - PubMed
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Huisman 2011 {published data only}
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Hwang 1988 {published data only}
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Ichida 1995 {published data only}
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Jonung 1987 {published data only}
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Katsumi 2005 {published data only}
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Kuse 2002 {published data only}
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Rossi Fanelli 1986 {published data only}
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