Characterizing the spatial and temporal variation of malaria incidence in Bangladesh, 2007

Abstract

Background: Malaria remains a significant health problem in Bangladesh affecting 13 of 64 districts. The risk of malaria is variable across the endemic areas and throughout the year. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns in malaria risk and the determinants driving the variation are crucial for the appropriate targeting of interventions under the National Malaria Control and Prevention Programme.

Methods: Numbers of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria cases reported by month in 2007, across the 70 endemic thanas (sub-districts) in Bangladesh, were assembled from health centre surveillance reports. Bayesian Poisson regression models of incidence were constructed, with fixed effects for monthly rainfall, maximum temperature and elevation, and random effects for thanas, with a conditional autoregressive prior spatial structure.

Results: The annual incidence of reported cases was 34.0 and 9.6 cases/10,000 population for P. falciparum and P. vivax respectively and the population of the 70 malaria-endemic thanas was approximately 13.5 million in 2007. Incidence of reported cases for both types of malaria was highest in the mountainous south-east of the country (the Chittagong Hill Tracts). Models revealed statistically significant positive associations between the incidence of reported P. vivax and P. falciparum cases and rainfall and maximum temperature.

Conclusions: The risk of P. falciparum and P. vivax was spatially variable across the endemic thanas of Bangladesh and also highly seasonal, suggesting that interventions should be targeted and timed according to the risk profile of the endemic areas. Rainfall, temperature and elevation are major factors driving the spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in Bangladesh.

Figure 1

Incidence of reported cases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax per 1,000 people across the endemic thanas in Bangladesh, 2007.

Figure 2

 Thana -level monthly incidence (grey lines) and overall reported incidence across endemic thanas (black lines) of reported cases of A.Plasmodium falciparum and B. Plasmodium vivax malaria in Bangladesh, 2007.

Figure 3

Monthly incidence of reported cases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax across endemic thanas in Bangladesh, 2007.

Figure 4

A comparison of incidence of reported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by district and the prevalence of P. falciparum infection from population-based surveys using rapid diagnostic tests in the 13 malaria-endemic districts of Bangladesh, 2007.