How physical exercise changes rat myotendinous junctions: an ultrastructural study

Abstract

Myotendinous junctions can be easily injured by overloading or trauma, and exercise training may be a way of increasing their resistance to mechanical stress. To this end, we examined herein the morphological changes induced by moderate exercise training in the myotendinous junctions of extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscles in rats. Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this investigation. Six of them were trained to run on a treadmill for 1 h/day, 3 days/week over 10 weeks in order for them to achieve a running rate of 25 m/min at the end of the training period. Six age-matched sedentary rats were used as controls. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after the final training session, and the extensor digitorum longum (EDL) and the gastrocnemium were excised; the myotendinous junctions (MTJ) were then prepared and observed with electron microscopy. Digitation branching was evaluated by counting the bifurcations in the MTJ protrusions. Our observations indicate that exercise does indeed induce changes in MTJ morphology. In both muscles the number of bifurcated interdigitations increased significantly, as well as, in gastrocnemius, the branching of the finger-like processes. It was demonstrated that the MTJ is able to adapt to an increase in tensile force by enlarging the muscle-tendon contact area and, consequently, mechanical resistance.

Figure 1

Extensor digitorum longum muscle electron microscope images from control (A,C) and trained (B,D) rats in transverse (A,B) and longitudinal (C,D) sections. Scale bars: A,B, 0.25 µm; C,D, 1 µm.

Figure 2

Gastrocnemius muscle electron microscope images from control (A,C) and trained (B,D) rats in transverse (A,B) and longitudinal (C,D) sections. Scale bars: A,B, 0.5 µm; C,D, 1 µm.

Figure 3

Higher magnification details of control (A) and trained (B) gastrocnemius muscle myotendinous junctions. The muscle basal lamina, identified by the opposite arrows, appears thicker in trained than in control rats. Scale bars: 0.1 µm.

Figure 4

Percentage study of branched principal interdigitations, respectively in the extensor digitorum longum (A) and gastrocnemius myotendinous junctions (B). *P<0.001.

Figure 5

Study of bifurcation means of principal interdigitations. *P<0.05.