Extramedullary disease portends poor prognosis in multiple myeloma and is over-represented in high-risk disease even in the era of novel agents

Abstract

Background: Extramedullary disease is an uncommon manifestation in multiple myeloma and can either accompany newly diagnosed disease or develop with disease progression or relapse. We evaluated the impact of this disease feature on patients' outcome in the context of novel agents.

Design and methods: We analyzed clinical and biological features of extramedullary disease in 936 patients with multiple myeloma enrolled in Total Therapy protocols, 240 patients in non-Total Therapy protocols, and 789 non-protocol patients, all of whom had baseline positron emission tomography scans to document extramedullary disease at diagnosis and its subsequent development at the time of disease progression or relapse.

Results: The most common sites for extramedullary disease at diagnosis were skin and soft tissue whereas liver involvement was the striking feature in extramedullary disease at disease relapse or progression. Regardless of therapy, extramedullary disease was associated with shorter progression-free and overall survival, as well as the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, cytogenetic abnormalities, and high-risk features in 70-and 80-gene risk models in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression revealed that this disease feature was more prevalent in patients with an elevated centrosome index, as determined by gene expression profiling, as well as in myeloma molecular subtypes that are more prone to relapse. These include the MF subtype (also called the "MAF" subtype, associated with over-expression of the MAF gene seen with chromosome translocation 14;16 or 14;20) and the PR subtype (also called the "Proliferation" subtype, associated with overexpression of pro-proliferative genes).

Conclusions: These data show that extramedullary disease is more prevalent in genomically defined high-risk multiple myeloma and is associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival, even in the era of novel agents. All clinical trials included in the analyses were registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00083551, NCT00083876, NCT00081939, NCT00572169, NCT00644228,NCT00002548,NCT00734877).

Figure 1.

Overall survival curves based on extramedullary disease status.

Figure 2.

Progression-free survival curves based on extramedullary disease status.

Figure 3.

Cumulative incidence of extramedullary disease by baseline GEP-70-defined risk. (Includes both EMD-1 and EMD-2: the initial incidence at transplant represents patients with EMD-1 while the cumulative incidence following transplant indicates both EMD-1 and EMD-2.)

Figure 4.

Cumulative Incidence of extramedullary disease by baseline cytogenetic abnormalities. (Includes both EMD-1 and EMD-2: the initial incidence at transplant represents patients with EMD-1 while the cumulative incidence following transplant indicates both EMD-1 and EMD-2.)