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. 2012 Mar;9(3):895-915.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph9030895. Epub 2012 Mar 14.

Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India

Shobha Chitambar  1 , Varanasi Gopalkrishna, Preeti Chhabra, Pooja Patil, Harsha Verma, Anismrita Lahon, Ritu Arora, Vaishali Tatte, Sujata Ranshing, Ganesh Dhale, Rajendra Kolhapure, Sanjay Tikute, Jagannath Kulkarni, Renu Bhardwaj, Sulbha Akarte, Sashikant Pawar
Affiliations

Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India

Shobha Chitambar et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Mar.

Abstract

Faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern Mumbai, India in March and October, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. Among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6%) were positive, 73 (76.8%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2%) for multiple viruses. Single viral infections in both, March and October showed predominance of enterovirus (EV, 33.3% and 40%) and rotavirus A (RVA, 33.3% and 25%). The other viruses detected in these months were norovirus (NoV, 12.1% and 10%), rotavirus B (RVB, 12.1% and 10%), enteric adenovirus (AdV, 6.1% and 7.5%), Aichivirus (AiV, 3% and 7.5%) and human astrovirus (HAstV, 3% and 0%). Mixed viral infections were largely represented by two viruses (84.6% and 88.9%), a small proportion showed presence of three (7.7% and 11%) and four (7.7% and 0%) viruses in the two outbreaks. Genotyping of the viruses revealed predominance of RVA G2P[4], RVB G2 (Indian Bangladeshi lineage), NoV GII.4, AdV-40, HAstV-8 and AiV B types. VP1/2A junction region based genotyping showed presence of 11 different serotypes of EVs. Although no virus was detected in the tested water samples, examination of both water and sewage pipelines in gastroenteritis affected localities indicated leakages and possibility of contamination of drinking water with sewage water. Coexistence of multiple enteric viruses during the two outbreaks of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need to expand such investigations to other parts of India.

Keywords: Aichivirus; adenovirus; astrovirus; enterovirus; gastroenteritis outbreak; norovirus; rotavirus.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Frequencies of admission of patients with gastroenteritis referred to GTH and JJH in the year 2006. * includes 66 children, 12 adolescents and 222 adults hospitalized during 13th–26th March, 2006; ** includes 53 children, 13 adolescents and 198 adults hospitalized during 5th–15th October, 2006.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of VP6 gene (174 bp) of RVA strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of NSP2 gene (150 bp) of RVB strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of VP1 gene (300 bp) of NoV strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face and the strain indicating recombination is underlined. Scale indicates genetic distance.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of Hexon gene (250 bp) of AdV strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of ORF2 (190 bp) of HAstV strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of VP1/2A gene (363 bp) of EV strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance. * Human Enterovirus.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Phylogenetic tree based on the partial nucleotide sequences of 3C-3D junction region (185 bp) of AiV strains. The strains of the present study are in bold face. Scale indicates genetic distance.
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