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. 2012 Jan 1;2(1):55-58.
doi: 10.4161/mge.19626.

IncA/C plasmids: An emerging threat to human and animal health?

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IncA/C plasmids: An emerging threat to human and animal health?

Timothy J Johnson et al. Mob Genet Elements. .

Abstract

Incompatibility group IncA/C plasmids are large, low copy, theta-replicating plasmids that have been described in the literature for over 40 years. However, they have only recently been intensively studied on the genomic level because of their associations with the emergence of multidrug resistance in enteric pathogens of humans and animals. These plasmids are unique among other enterobacterial plasmids in many aspects, including their modular structure and gene content. While the IncA/C plasmid genome structure has now been well defined, many questions remain pertaining to their basic biological mechanisms of dissemination and regulation. Here, we discuss the history of IncA/C plasmids in light of our recent understanding of their population distribution, genomics, and effects on host bacteria.

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Figures

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Figure 1. Backbone structure of IncA/C plasmids. Integration hotspots are depicted with black arrows, and inserted modules of sequenced IncA/C plasmids are summarized next to the arrows. The replicon (Rep), transcriptional regulators (HU-β-like, GntR, and H-NS), and plasmid stability regions (Toxin-antitoxin and Par) of the IncA/C backbone are depicted in the circular map. Regions with similarity to integrative conjugative element (ICE) SXT/R391 and putative transfer regions are colored according to the legend.

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